°ñÀý (Fracture)

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ÁÖ¿ä ³»¿ëÀº"°ñÀý ¹× Å»±¸ÇÐ" Ã¥(¹Ú¸í½Ä Àú,°í·ÁÀÇÇÐÃâÆÇ, ÀüÁÖÀÇÇм­Á¡(063-251-2365)¿¡ ¼ö·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

º» ³»¿ë¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀúÀÛ±ÇÀº ÀúÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÖÀ¸¸ç »ó¾÷Àû ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. 


µÚÆíÀ¸·Î °¡½Ç¼ö·Ï ³ëÀο¡°Ô ¸¹Àº °í°üÀýºÎ °ñÀý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» º¸½Ç¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

¼ºÀÎ °í°üÀý Å»±¸(ÍÆÎ¼ï½÷­Ï¿ Dislocations of hip)

I. ÇØºÎÇÐ

    °í°üÀýÀº ÀÎüÀÇ ¸ðµç °üÀý Áß¿¡¼­ Á¦ÀÏ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ °üÀýÀ̸鼭 °ß°üÀý ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ¸Å¿ì ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿îµ¿¿µ¿ªÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °í°üÀý¿¡ °É¸®´Â ÈûÀº º¸Çà¼Óµµ µîÀÇ ¿©·¯°¡Áö Á¶°Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¯È­µÇÁö¸¸ üÁß ÀÇ 1.59¡­4.5¹è(Rydell 1966)¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

    ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» ³ôÀ̱â À§ÇØ ºñ±¸¿¬(glenoid lip)ÀÌ ºñ±¸¸¦ ´õ¿í ±í°Ô Çϰí Ȱ¾×ÀÌ °ñ µÎ¿Í ±¸(Ï¿)ÀÇ ¹ÐÂø¼ºÀ» ³ô¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,

    ´ëÅð°ñµÎ Àδë(ligament of head of femur)°¡ °ñµÎ¿Í ±¸¸¦ ¿¬°áÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¨çÀå´ëÅðÀδë(iliofemoral lig.(°¡Àå ¾È Á¤)) ¨èÁ´ëÅðÀδë(ischiofemoral lig.) ¨é Ä¡´ëÅð°ñ Àδë(pubofemoral lig.)°¡ ¹Û¿¡ º¸°­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

    °í°üÀý Å»±¸´Â Á¤Çü¿Ü°úÀû ÀÀ±ÞÀ¸·Î ¿Ü»ó ÈÄ 24½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ Á¤º¹½ÃÄÑ¾ß Çϸç, ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç(AVN), ¿Ü»ó¼º °üÀý¿°(post traumatic arthritis) µîÀÇ ÇÕº´ÁõÀ» ÁÙ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

II. ´ëÅð°ñ °ñÈ­½Ã±â(femur ossification)
    °ñµÎ(head, end) : 1¡­8¼¼(fusion) ´ëÀüÀÚºÎ(greater trochanter) : 4¡­18¼¼ ¼ÒÀüÀÚºÎ(lesser trochanter) : 13, 14¡­18¼¼
III. °í°üÀý ¿îµ¿( range of motion )
    ±¼°î-½ÅÀü(Flexion-Extension) : 140° ³»È¸Àü-¿ÜȸÀü(Internal rotation-External rotation) : 90° ¿ÜÀü-³»Àü(Abduction-Adduction) : 75°·Î¼­ º¸Çà½Ã¿¡´Â ±¼°î 60°¿Í ¾à°£ ÀÇ ³», ¿ÜÀü ¹× ³», ¿ÜȸÀüÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±â¸³ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­´Â Àü¹æ Àå´ëÅð Àδë (anterior iliofemoral ligament)¿¡ ź·ÂÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ®¼­ ±Ù·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ °í°ü ÀýÀº ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
IV. »ý¿ªÇÐ(biomechanics)
    1. °í°üÀý¿¡ °É¸®´Â ÈûÀº º¸Çà¼Óµµ µîÀÇ ¿©·¯°¡Áö Á¶°Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¯È­µÇÁö¸¸ ü ÁßÀÇ 1.59¡­4.5¹è(¾à 3.5¹è)°¡ µÈ´Ù. ÆíÈ÷ ´©¿ö¼­ ÇÑÂÊ ´Ù¸®¸¦ µé¾î ¿Ã¸± ¶§ ¹Ý´ëÃø °í°üÀý¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÈûÀº üÁß ÀÇ ¾à 5¹è¿¡ À̸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º´º¯ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °í°üÀý¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ÇÏÁßÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¡Ø ¨ç üÁßÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŰ´Â °Í ¨è º´¼Ò°¡ ÀÖ´Â ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¸öÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â °Í ¨é ÁöÆÎÀ̳ª ¸ñ¹ß »ç¿ëÀ¸·Î üÁßÀÌ ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ºÎÇϽÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °í°üÀý¿¡ ÁÖ ¾îÁö´Â ÈûÀ» ¾à 1/8±îÁö ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¡Ø

    2. ÇÑÂÊ´Ù¸®·Î ¼¹À»¶§ÀÇ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¿¡ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ÇÏÁß R´Â ¿ÜÀü±ÙÀÇ ÈûM¿Í üÁß¿¡ ¼­ ÇÑÂÊ´Ù¸®ÀÇ ¹«°Ô¸¦ »« ¹«°Ô K(üÁß W-1/6W)ÀÇ ÇÕÀÌ´Ù <Fig. 21-3 ÂüÁ¶>. ´Ù½Ã¸»Çϸé KÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë¼±ÀÇ ´ëÅð °ñµÎ¿ÍÀÇ °Å¸®ÀÎ OC¿¡ µû¶ó M°¡ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ M °ª¿¡ R Àº ¸¹ÀÌ Á¿ìµÈ´Ù. üÁß KÀÇ Áö·¹±æÀÌ(lever arm) OC´Â ¿ÜÀü±ÙÀÇ Áö·¹±æÀÌ(lever arm) OBÀÇ 2¹èÁ¤µµ ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ °í°üÀý¿¡ Æò ÇüÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¿ÜÀü±ÙÀÇ Èû(M)Àº üÁßK(W-1/6w)ÀÇ 2¹èÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ÀÛ ¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ À̶§ °í°üÀýÀÌ ¹Þ´Â ÇÏÁß RÀº ¿ÜÀü±Ù MÀÇ Èû°ú üÁß K ÀÇ ¹«°ÔÀÌ´Ù1). R = M+K = 2K+K = 3K = 3(W-1/6W) = 3W-3/6W = 15/6W = 2.5W

V. ºÐ·ù A Àü¹æÅ»±¸(anterior dislocation by Epstein)
    Á¦ 1Çü : superior dislocations (include pubic and subspinous)

    Á¦ 2Çü : inferior dislocations (include obturator, thyroid and perineal dislocations)

Epstein - Classification of Anterior Dislocations of the Hip
    Type I : Superior dislocations (includes pubic and subspinous dislocations)
      Type IA : No associated fracture (simple dislocation)
      Type IB : Associated fracture of the head (transchondral of inden- tation type and/or neck of the femur
      Type IC : Associated fracture of the acetabulum
    Type II : Inferior (includes obturator, thyroid, and perineal dislocations) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ÈĹæÅ»±¸ÀÇ ºÐ·ù by Thompson & Epstein Classification of Posterior Dislocations of the Hip
    Type I: With or Without minor fracture
    Type II: With a large simple fracture of the posterior acetabular rim
    Type III: With comminution of the rim of the acetabulum with or without a major fragment
    Type IV: With fracture of the acetabular floor Type V: With fracture of the femoral head ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
´ëÅð°ñµÎ °ñÀýÀÇ ºÐ·ù by Pipkin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Type I: Posterior dislocation of the hip with fracture of the femoral head caudad to the fovea centralis
    Type II: Posterior dislocation of the hip with fracture of the femoral head cephalad to the fovea centralis
    Type III: Type I or II with associated fracture of the femoral neck
    Type IV: Type I, II, or III with associated fracture of the acetabulum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VI ¼ºÀÎÀÇ °í°üÀý Å»±¸

A. Àü¹æ °í°üÀý Å»±¸(anterior dislocation)

1. ºóµµ : 10¡­15%

2. ºÐ·ù- types pubic obturator perineal-scortumÀ¸·Î

3.Ä¡·á- ´ëºÎºÐ µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ¸é ilioinguinal approach·Î ¼ö¼úÇÑ´Ù. Á¤º¹À» ¹æÇØÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶¹°·Î´Â rectus femoris and iliopsoas torn hip capsules (buttonhole entrapment of femoral head by the capsule).

4 ÇÕº´Áõ :

    Ãʱâ : ¨ç ½Å°æÇ÷°ü ¼Õ»ó(neurovascular femoral artery, nerve, vein ¼Õ»ó) ¨è Á¤º¹ºÒ´É(irreducibility)

    Èıâ : ¨ç ¿Ü»ó¼º °üÀý¿°(posttraumatic arthritis) ¨è ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç(aseptic necrosis) ¨é ÀçÅ»±¸(recurrent dislocation)

B. ÈÄ¹æ °í°üÀý Å»±¸(posterior dislocation)

1. ºóµµ : 85¡­90% of hip dislocation

2. ¼Õ»ó±âÀü ´ë°³ ±³Åë»ç°í·Î¼­ °è±â¹Ý ¼Õ»ó(dashboard injury)¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Âµ¥ ½½°ü Àý, °í°üÀýÀÇ ±¼°î»óÅ¿¡¼­ ½½°üÀý Àü¹æ¿¡¼­ ¿Ü»óÀÌ °¡ÇØÁú ¶§ »ý±ä´Ù

. ¼Õ»ó±âÀüÀÇ ¼ø¼­----

    ¨ç ¹«¸­ÀÌ °è±â¹Ý¿¡ Ãæµ¹ÇÑ´Ù(Knee strikes the dashboard). ¨è ´ëÅð´Â ±¼°î ¹× ³»ÀüµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù(The thigh is flexed and adducted). ¨é ´ëÅð°ñµÎ´Â ºñ±¸ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î Å»±¸µÈ´Ù(The femoral head is driven backward out of the acetabulum).
5. µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ ¹æ¹ý 1. Allis ¹æ¹ý 2. Stimson ¹æ¹ý
    Typical Deformity* ¨ç hip is flexed. ¨è hip is adducted. ¨é hip is internally rotated. <Fig. 21-7> Stimson's gravity ¨ê affected extremity apparent shortening method of reduction ¨ë greater trochanter and buttock on affected side are unusually prominent. ¨ì knee of the affected extremity rests on the opposite thigh.
6. ¼ö¼úÀûÀÀÁõ(open reduction indications)
    1) µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ°Å³ª (closed reduction is not successful)(up to 3ÁÖÀÌ»ó)

    2) Á¤º¹ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤Çϰųª(reduction is unstable)

    3) °üÀý¿¡ °ñÆíÀÌ ³¢¾î ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì(fracture fragment trapped between joint surface)

7. ÈĹæÅ»±¸ ÇÕº´Áõ

1) Ãʱâ

    (1) Á°ñ½Å°æ ¼Õ»ó(sciatic nerve paresis) (2) Á¤º¹ºÒ´É(irreducible)- buttonholing of femoral head through hip capsule or interposition of piriformis muscle. (3) ½½°üÀý Àδë¼Õ»ó ¹× À߸øÁø´Ü(missed knee ligament injuries) ÈÄ¹æ ½ÊÀÚÀÎ´ë ¼Õ»óÈÄ ¿ÜÃø ȸÀüÇü ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º(posterolateral rotary instability) (4) °ßÀÎ Áß ÀçÅ»±¸(recurrent dislocation in traction)
2) Èıâ
    (1) ÈĹæ ÀçÅ»±¸(recurrent posterior dislocation) (2) È­°ñ¼º ±Ù¿°(myositis ossifications) (3) ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç(AVN) (4) ¿Ü»ó¼º °üÀý¿°(posttraumatic arthritis)
8. Ä¡·á
    1) 3ÁÖ À̳»ÀÎ °æ¿ì(up to 3 week) : µµ¼öÁ¤º¹(closed reduction), ½ÇÆÐ ½Ã´Â ¼ö¼ú : Á¤º¹À¸·Î Á߽ɿø(concentric)µÇ°Ô Á¤º¹µÇ¸é °ñÆíÀÇ Å©±â´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

    2) 3°³¿ù ÀÌ»ó ¹æÄ¡µÈ °æ¿ì(over 3 months) : 1Â÷ °üÀýÀç°Ç¼ú(primary reconstructive surgery)

9. °í°üÀý Å»±¸ ¼Õ»ó±âÀü
    °í°üÀý Å»±¸´Â ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ±³Åë»ç°í°¡ À¸¶äÀ̸ç, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿îµ¿¿µ¿ªÀ» °¡Áö ¸é¼­µµ (ball and socket °üÀý·Î¼­) ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ °üÀýÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ °üÀýÀÌ Å»±¸ ¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°·Á¸é ±¼°î³»ÀüµÈ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ ÈĹæÀ¸·Î °­ÇÑ ÈûÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß Çϸç, À̰ÍÀÌ Å»±¸º¸´Ù´Â °ñÀýÅ»±¸°¡ ¸¹Àº ÀÌÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ÈĹæÅ»±¸´Â ½½°üÀýÀÌ ±¼°îµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ °è±â¹Ý(dashboard)¿Ü»ó¿¡¼­ È£¹ßµÇ¸ç, °í°üÀýÀÇ ±¼°î ¹× ³»ÀüÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ Ŭ¼ö ·Ï ´Ü¼øÅ»±¸°¡ »ý±â¸ç, ¿ÜÀüµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â ÈÄ»ó ¶Ç´Â ÈÄ»ó¹æ ºñ±¸°ñÀý (posterosuperior acetabular fracture) ÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÇ±â ½±´Ù.

    °í°üÀýÀÇ µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÈÄ °üÀý°£°ÝÀÌ ³Ð¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ»¶§ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â ¿øÀÎÀº ¨ç °üÀý³»ÀÇ À¯¸®°ñÀý(loose bodies) ¨è ¿¬ºÎÁ¶Á÷(acerabular labrum)ÀÌ °üÀý³»¿¡ ³¢¾úÀ»¶§ ¨é ´ëÅð°ñµÎ°¡ °üÀý³¶¿¡ °É·ÁÀÖ´Ù(buttonholing of head through capsule). ¨ê Á¤º¹ ¾ÈµÇ°í °ñµÎ°¡ ÈĹ濡 ÀÖÀ» ¶§

II ¼Ò¾Æ °í°üÀý Å»±¸( Traumatic dislocation of children)

A. ºóµµ

    MacFarlane ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 12-15 ¼¼ »çÀÌ¿¡ 50 %¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. Rang ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ ¸é 5¼¼ ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¾î¸°ÀÌ´Â ºñ±¸°¡ ºÎµå·´°í, ¿¬ÇÑ °üÀýÀÌ¸ç ¾î´À Á¤µµ °üÀýÀÌ¿ÏÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© Å»±¸°¡ Àß ÀϾ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.( under the age of 5 a child' s acetabulum is primarily soft, pliable cartilage and that generalized joint laxity is common and dislocation can occur secondary to minimal trauma such as from insignificant fall)
B. Ä¡·á
    12 ½Ã°£À̳»ÀÌ¸é µµ¼ö Á¤º¹ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. µµ¼ö Á¤º¹ÀÌÈÄ ¾à 14. 2 Àϰ£ °ßÀÎÀ̳ª ħ»ó°íÁ¤À» ÇÑ´Ù. 12 ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³­ °æ¿ì ¸¶ÃëÀÇ»çÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ±ÙÀÌ¿ÏÁ¦ »ç¿ëÈÄ ¿¡ µµ¼ö Á¤º¹À» ½ÃµµÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ì °ßÀÎÀ̳ª ħ»ó°íÁ¤À» 1 ÁÖÀÏ ½ÃÇàÈÄ¿¡ ºñüÁߺÎÇϸ¦ 3ÁÖ°£Çϸç(¸ñ¹ßº¸Çà), ÀÏ»ó Ȱµ¿Àº 6ÁÖ±îÁö ±ÝÁö½ÃŲ´Ù. µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ ÀÌ µÇÁö¾ÊÀ»½Ã¿¡´Â ÈĹæÅ»±¸ÀÎ °æ¿ì´Â ÈĹ浵´Þ¹ýÀ¸·Î, Àü¹æ Å»±¸´Â Àü¹æµµ´Þ¹ýÀ¸ ·Î ¼ö¼úÀý°³ ÇÏ¿© °³¹æÀû Á¤º¹À» ÇÑ µÚ¿¡ 4-6 ÁÖ°£ °í¼ö»ó ¼®°í³ª °ßÀÎÀ» ½ÃµµÇÑ ´Ù.
C. ÇÕº´Áõ
    1.ÀçÅ»±¸(recurrent dislocation)´Â ¾î¸¥º¸´Ù Àû´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª hyperlaxity ¿Í Down ÁõÈıº¿¡¼­´Â ÀçÅ»±¸°¡ º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

    2 ºÒ¿ÏÀü Á¤º¹( incomplete reduction) -capsular interposition, inverted limbus retained osseous cartilage fragments µîÀÌ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼öÀÖ´Ù.

    3. ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç( avascular necrosis)- 8-10 % ( ¼ºÀÎ 10-26 % ) ³·Àº ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç´Â ´ë°Ô 0- 5¼¼ »çÀÌÀÇ ¾î¸°ÀÌ¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, Áö¿¬ Á¤º¹ À̳ª, 5 ¼¼ÀÌ»óÀÎ °æ¿ì ¹ß»ýºóµµ°¡ ³ô´Ù(delay in reduction,severity of the injury and the age of at the time of reduction( over age 5 ).

¡Ý Âü°í ¹®Çå
    1. ±è¿µ¹Î, °ûº´¸¸ : Á¤Çü¿Ü°úÀǸ¦ À§ÇÑ »ýü¿ªÇÐ, ¿µ¹®»ç p 176-177,1991

    2. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in children ,3rd ed:1093-1116 Lippincott Co. Philadephia, 1991 Á¦ 22 Àå

¥°. °ñ ¹Ý °ñ Àý Íé Úï Íé ï¹ pelvis fracture

¥°. °ñ¹Ý(Pelvis)

A. ÇØºÎÇÐ(anatomy)

1)±¸¼º: µÎ °³ÀÇ ¹«¸í°ñ(ÙíÙ£Íéinnominate bone) °ú , õÃß(sacrum) ¹ÌÃß (coccyx)·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¿øÅ뱸Á¶(ÍéÚïü»=ring)ÀÌ´Ù.

2) ±â´É(function) ¨ç ³»Àå±â°üÀ» º¸È£ÇÑ´Ù(protective cage for the lower abdominal viscera) ¨è ôÃß¿Í ÇÏÁö »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ üÁߺÎÇÏ·ÂÀ» Àü´Þ½ÃŲ´Ù

    . (weight bearer between the trunk and lower limb) ¡Û ¼­ÀÖÀ» ¶§(standing) - ºñ±¸ - ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ·Î ÈûÀÌ Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù. ¡Û ¾ÉÀ» ¶§ (sitting) - Á°ñÁ¶¸é À» °æÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù. ¨é ü°£ ¹× ÇÏÁöÀÇ ±ÙÀ° ºÎÂøÁöÀÌ´Ù. (muscle attachment)
3) °üÀý°ú Àδë (joint & ligament)

¨çÄ¡°ñ°áÇÕ(ö»ÍéÌ¿ùê,symphysis pubis) : ¿¬°ñ¼º ¿¬°á(amphiarthrosis), united by fibrocartilagenous disc.
¨è õÀå°üÀý (ôÀíóμï½SI joint) : °¡µ¿°üÀý(gliding diarthrodial joint.)

    3°³ÀÇ ÀÎ´ë ±¸¼ºµÊ. Àü,ÈÄ ÃµÀå°£ Àδë¿Í °ñ°£Àδë(interosseous lig.)·Î µÇ ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¿Ü Àå¿äÀδë(iliolumbar lig.)µµ ¾ÈÁ¤¿¡ ±â¿©Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
    i) °ñ°£ õÀå Àδë(interosseous SI ligament.-major structure that resist descent and forward rotation of sacrum)
    ii) îñ õÀå Àδë(anterior SI ligament.- thin & weak, serve only as joint capsule)
    iii) ý­ õÀå Àδë(posterior SI ligament.- assists in stabilize sacrum)
¨é Àå°ñ°ú õ°ñÀÇ ¿¬°á Àδë (connecting ligaments) i) õ°áÀý Àδë (ôÀÌ¿ï½,sacrotuberous lig.) - Àü´Ü·Â¿¡ °­ÇÏ´Ù (resist shear force) ii) õ±Ø Àδë(ôÀоsacrospinous lig.) - ¿ÜȸÀü·Â (resist external rotation force)¿¡ °­ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ Àδ밡 ¼­·Î 90° °¢µµ·Î À§Ä¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

B. ºÐ·ù- . ¼Õ»ó ±âÀü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÐ·ù(injury classification according to Young system)

 1 Ãø¸é ¾Ð¹Ú ¼Õ»ó(ö°Øü äâÚÞ áßß¿,lateral compression=LC injury)

    a. Ä¡°ñÁöÀÇ È¾Çü°ñÀý°ú µ¿ÃøÀ̳ª ¹Ý´ëÃøÀÇ ÈÄ¹æ ¼Õ»óÀÌ ¿Â´Ù. (pubic rami fracture, or posterior injury) b. °¡Àå ¸¹Àº ÇüÀº ÇÑÂÊ Ä¡°ñÁöÀÇ °ñÀý°ú ÇÔ²² õ°ñÀÇ ¾Ð¹Ú°ñÀýÇüÀÌ´Ù.
 2. ÀüÈÄ¾Ð¹Ú ¼Õ»ó(îñý­äâÚÞ áßß¿,anteroposterior compression=APC injury)
    a. °ñ¹ÝÀÇ ¾ÕÀ̳ª µÚ¿¡¼­ ¿À´Â ¿Ü·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇѰÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ´ ġ°ñ°áÇÕÀÌ ºÐ¸® µÇ¸é¼­ º¸Åë Ã¥À» ¿©´Â ¸ð¾çÀÇ °ñÀýÀÎ °³Ã¥(open book)°ñÀý°ú ¿ÜȸÀü(external rotation)ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀÌ ¿Â´Ù b. 1ÀÎÄ¡(2.5cm) ÀÌ»óÀÇ À̰³°¡ ¿À¸é ÈĹæÀÇ Ãµ±Ø°£ Àδë(sacrospinous ligament)ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀÌ ¿Â´Ù.
 3. ¼öÁ÷ Àü´Ü ¼Õ»ó(á÷òÁ îòÓ¨ áßß¿,vertical shear=VC injury)
    a. °­ÇÑ ¿Ü»ó(fall from a height or motor vehicle)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼Õ»óÀ¸·Î ÆíÃø°ñ¹ÝÀÌ ¼öÁ÷ ÀüÀ§(cephalad displacement of hemipelvis)µÈ´Ù. b. õÀå °üÀý(SI joint)ÀÇ 1cmÀÌ»ó ÈĹæÀüÀ§½Ãµµ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÎ´ë ¼Õ»óÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. c. Ä¡°ñ°áÇÕÁöÀÇ À̰³¿Í ÇÔ²² ÆíÃø°ñ¹ÝÀÌ ÀüÈÄ ¶Ç´Â ±ÙÀ§ºÎ·Î ÀüÀ§°¡ µÈ´Ù.
  4. º¹ÇÕ ¼Õ»ó(ÜÜùê áßß¿,combination injuries=CM injury) combination of other injury patterns, LC/VS        being  the most common
    • LC-¥°. note impaction LC-¥±. note the intact LC-¥². note ligamentous injury of the sacrum and -sacrospinous and injury on the left side the transverse nature of sacrotuberous ligaments. of the -pelvis. the anterior ring injury
    • APC-¥°. note the APC-¥±. note injury to APC-¥². note violation slight opening, yet the -sacrotuberous and of all ligamentous ligamentous integrity, sacrospinous ligaments. structures -on the left of the SI joints.
    • VC note vertical displacement Combined mechanical injury. note the of the hemipelvis. -combination of LC and VS injury patterns.
C. ÀÓ»ó Áõ»ó

1. Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº º´·Â(Ü»Õö,history)ÀÌ´Ù.

2. MilchÀÇ 3 physical signs

    1. Destot's ÁõÈÄ : Ä¿´Ù¶õ Ç÷Á¾ÀÌ ¼­ÇýºÎ³ª À½³¶¿¡ Ç¥Àç¼±À¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. (a large hematoma that becomes superficial above inguinal lig. or in the scrotum)

    2. Roux ÁõÈÄ : Ãø¹æ¾Ð¹Ú°ñÀý¿¡¼­´Â ´ëÀüÀںο¡¼­ Ä¡°ñ±Ø »çÀ̰¡ ´ÜÃàÀÌ µÈ´Ù. (In lateral compression fracture the distance from greater trochanter to the pubic spine is diminished on affect side)

    3. Earle's ÁõÈÄ : Ç×¹®³» ÃËÁø½Ã µ¹ÃâµÈ °ñÀ̳ª Å« Ç÷Á¾À» ¸¸Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (On rectal examination the bony prominence or large hematoma can be palpated.)

D. ÀÓ»ó °Ë»ç(physical examination)
    1. °³¹æÃ¢À̳ª ¿°ÁÂÀÇ À¯¹« 2. ºñ´¢»ý½Ä±â ¼Õ»ó ¿©ºÎÈ®ÀÎ : ƯÈ÷ ³²ÀÚ¿¡¼­ ´¢µµ ¼Õ»óÈ®ÀÎ 3. ½Å°æÇ÷°ü°è ¼Õ»ó¿©ºÎ ¿äõÃß ½Å°æ°è, ¸¶¹ÌÁõÈıº(cauda equina) 4. ¿ÜÃø ¾Ð¹Ú·Â¿¡¼­´Â ÇÏÁö°¡ ³»È¸ÀüµÇ¸ç Àü´Ü·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ñÀý½Ã´Â ÇÏÁö°¡ ¿Ü ȸÀüÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
E. µ¿¹Ý¼Õ»ó °ñ¹Ý°­³»ÀÇ Áß¿ä±â°ü,
    ºñ´¢»ý½Ä°è(urogenital system), ¹æ±¤¼Õ»óÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. °ñ¹Ý ȯÀ» ¼Õ»ó½Ã۴µ¥´Â ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÇ¾î °á±¹ »ý¸íÀ» À§ÇùÇÏ´Â ¼Õ»óÀÌ µÈ´Ù. life-threatening injuries (»ç¸Á·ü 10%·Î µÎ°³°ñÀý ´ÙÀ½ÀÌ´Ù.)
F. ÀÀ±Þóġ °ñ¹Ý°ñÀý·Î ÀÎÇÑ ½ÇÇ÷·®Àº 2-20 unit Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù.
    Á¶±â ÀÀ±Þóġ °èȹ(initial treatment protocol)
    1) ½ÇÇ÷À» ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¼ö¾×°ø±ÞÀ¸·Î º¸Ãæ½ÃŲ´Ù(volume resuscitation by use of suitable I.V. fluids).

    2) ´¢°ü Ä«¼¼ÅÍ »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© ´¢·®À» °èÃøÇÑ´Ù(catheterization of urinary bladder to document urine output).

    3) Ãʱ⠺¹ºÎ Áø´ÜÇÏ¿© ³»Àå±â ¼Õ»óÀ» ¾Ë¾Æº»´Ù[initial abdominal examination (abdominal lavage)]

    4) ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î °ñÀýÄ¡·á°èȹ(¿Ü°íÁ¤ÀåÄ¡ µî)À» ¼¼¿ì´Â ¼ø¼­·Î ÇÑ´Ù(fracture treatment planning(or external fixation))

G. ¹æ»ç¼±ÀÇ ÃÔ¿µ

1.ÀüÈĹæ»ç¼± ÃÔ¿µ(îñý­,AP view)

    ÀüÈÄ ¹æ»ç¼± ÃÔ¿µ b. Á¦5¿äÃß È¾µ¹±â °ñÀý¿©ºÎ(transverse process of L 5) ¡æ ÈÄ¹æ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤À» ÀǹÌÇÑ ´Ù. c. Á°ñ±Ø(ischial spine)ÀÇ °ß¿­°ñÀý È®ÀÎ
2. °ñ¹ÝÀÔ±¸ ÃÔ¿µ(ÍéÚïìýÏ¢õÉç¯, inlet view)
    a. ȯÀÚ¸¦ ¾Ó¿ÍÀ§(supine)¿¡¼­ ¹æ»ç¼±ÀÌ ¸Ó¸®ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­ °ñ¹ÝÂÊÀ¸·Î 40°°¢µµ¸¦ ÃÔ¿µÇÏ´Â °Í b. °ñ¹ÝȯÀÇ ¼Õ»ó Ãø¸é¼Õ»ó(LC injury)À» À߾˼ö ÀÖ´Ù. c. °ñ¸éÀÇ ³»ÃøÈ¸Àü º¯Çü(medial rotation)°ú õÀå°üÀý(SI joint)À» Àß ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
3. °ñ¹ÝÃⱸ ÃÔ¿µ(ÍéÚïõóÏ¢ õÉç¯,outlet view)
    a. ȯÀÚ¸¦ ¾Ó¿ÍÀ§¿¡¼­ ¹ß³¡¿¡¼­ °ñ¹ÝÀ¸·Î 40°ÃÔ¿µÇÑ´Ù. b. ÆíÃø°ñ¹ÝÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ÀüÀ§¸¦ ¾Ë¼öÀÖ´Ù(cephalad migration)
4. ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ´ÜÃþ ÃÔ¿µ(CT scan)
    ÀÌÁ¦´Â ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ °ñ¹Ýȯ°ñÀý(unstable pelvis)¿¡¼­ ²À ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÃÔ¿µÀÌ µÇ°í ¸»¾Ò ´Ù.(Campbell, 8th, p.963).
Gill°ú Bucholz¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé CT ÃÔ¿µÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °æ¿ì (recommend CT)
    (1) ¾çÃø ¼öÁ÷ °ñÀý ¹× Å»±¸°¡ ÀÖÀ»¶§µµ ´Ü¼ø ¹æ»ç¼±À¸·Î´Â Á¤È®ÇÑ ÆÇ´ÜÀÌ ¾î·Á ¿ì¹Ç·Î (double vertical Fx-d/L of the pelvis)

    (2) °ñ¹Ý°ñÀýÀÌ ºñ±¸°ñ±îÁö °ñÀýÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ»¶§(extension into the acetabulum)

    (3) °³¹æ¼º Á¤º¹ ³»°íÁ¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´ëÇü ¼Õ»ó½Ã(considered for ORIF)

5. ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ ¼Ò°ßÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹æ»ç¼± ¼Ò°ß(ÝÕäÌïÒ á¶Ì¸,Radiographic signs of instability) Pelvis Inlet £¦ Outlet view °¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
    • posterior displacement of the hemipelvis > 1cm.
    • avulsion of the transverse process of L5 detachment of the bone insertion of the sacrospinous -ligament(sacrum or ischial spine).
    • presence of a large posterior gap rather than impaction shearing fracture through the cancellous of the sacrum
H. ºÐ·ù 1. TileÀÇ ºÐ·ù(classification of pelvic disruption)

<Table 1> AO/ASIF Classification of pelvic ring injury (modified Tile classification)(1988 M. Tile) ------------------------------------------------------------------

Type A : Stable (posterior arch intact )

    A1 - Avulsion injury A2 -Iliac wing or anterior -arch fracture due to a direct blow A3- Transverse sacrococcygeal fracture
Type B : Partially stable (incomplete disruption of posterior arch)
    B1-Open book (external rotation ) B2-Lateral compression injury(internal rotation) B2-1: ipsilateral anterior and posterior injury B2-2 :contralateral( bucket-handle) injury B3:Bilateral
Type C :Unstable ( complete disruption of posterior arch)
    C1-Unilateral C1-1 : Iliac fracture C1-2 : Sacroiliac fracture-dislocation C1-3 : Sacral fracture C2-Bilateral, with one side type B, one side type C C3-Bilateral ------------------------------------------------------------------
I. Ä¡·á

1. ÃâÇ÷ ȯÀÚÀÇ Ã³Áö: »ç¸ÁÀ²ÀÌ ³ô´Ù. ½ÉÇÑ °ñ¹Ý°ñÀý¿¡¼­ °³¹æ¼º±îÁö´Â 10-50%ÀÌ´Ù.

2. °ñÀýÀÇ Ä¡·á

a. °ñ°ßÀΰú °ñ¹Ý°Ç(skeletal traction & pelvic sling)

    1) ¼öÁ÷ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º °ñ¹Ýȯ °ñÀý·Î ÇÏÁö±æÀÌÀÇ Â÷À̰¡ ÀÖÀ»¶§ ¶Ç´Â ºñ±¸°ñ±îÁö °ñÀýÀÌ µÈ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù. 2) °ñ¹Ý°Ç(pelvic sling)Àº ´ë°³ ÀüÈÄ¹æ ¾Ð¹Ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¿ÜȸÀü(APC injury)ÀüÀ§ °¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù.
b. ¿Ü°íÁ¤ ÀåÄ¡(external fixation)
    1) ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º °ñ¹Ý°ñÀý¿¡¼­ ¸Å¿ì À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ¼öÁ÷Àü´Ü ¼Õ»ó(VS injury) ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ÀüÈÄ ¾Ð¹Ú ¼Õ»ó(APC injury) ȯÀÚ±îÁö »ç¿ëµÇ¸ç, ¼öÁ÷ Àü´Ü ¼Õ»ó ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ÈÄ¹æ °íÁ¤¼ú(SI fixation) ÈÄ¿¡ Àü¹æ °íÁ¤¿ë(anterior stabilizer)À¸·Îµµ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù 2)
    GanzÀÇ antishock pelvic C-clamp ÃÖ±Ù Ganz µîÀº »õ·Î¿î ¿Ü°íÁ¤±â±âÀÎ antishock pelvic C clamp ¸¦ ¼Ò °³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ±â±â´Â ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ ÈÄ¹æ °ñ¹Ýȯ ÀÇ ÆÄ±«·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ½ÉÇÑ ÃâÇ÷ À» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄÑ ¼ïÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏ°í °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¼ö¼úÀ» ½ÃÇàÇϱâ Àü ±îÁö °ñ¹ÝÀÇ ÈÄ¹æ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º À» ¾òÀ»¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù 1) ÀûÀÀÁõ i) hemodynamically unstable pt. with type C-vertical shear fracture. ii) severe anterior posterior compression Fx. ±Ý±âÁõ i) severely comminuted in the region of SI joint ii) hemorrhage is of arterial origin
<Table 2> Methods of Fixation -------------------------------------------------
    The available methods are as follows: ¨ç Traction ¨è External fixation ¨é External fixation and traction ¨ê Open reduction and internal fixation a. symphyseal fixation b. posterior fixation i. Anterior SI joint fixation ii. Posterior SI joint fixation iii. Sacral bars iv. Iliac wing fixation ------------------------------------------------
<¿äÁ¡Á¤¸®>
    i) ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±Þ¼º°ñÀý¿¡¼­´Â ¿Ü°íÁ¤ÀåÄ¡¿Í °ñ°ßÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» º´ÇàÇϸé È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

    ii) ¿Ü°íÁ¤ ÀåÄ¡´Â ¤¡. ÀÀ±ÞÀåÄ¡·Î½á ÃâÇ÷À» Á¶Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. (emergency life-saving benefits (hemorrhage control) ¤¤. °ñÀýÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º ºÎ¿© (definitive stabilization)

ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¼ö¼ú¹æ¹ý :
    õÀå°ñ °üÀý¿¡¼­ Àå°ñÀÇ ÀüÀ§°¡ ¾ø°Å³ª À̰³ ¸¸ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â ¿Ü°íÁ¤ ÀåÄ¡¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿Ü°íÁ¤ ÇÏÇÁÇÉÀÇ ³ª»ç»ê( threaded portion of half pin) ÀÌ Àå°ñ ³»·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »ðÀÔ½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù, »ðÀÔ °¢µµ¸¦ Àß ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϹǷΠ¹Ì¸® K- wire¸¦ Àå°ñ´É ¿ÜÃø¿¡¼­ °æÇÇÀûÀ¸ ·Î »ðÀÔ ½ÃÄѼ­ ¼ö·Å°¢(convergence angle)À» ¾Ë°í ³­µÚ À̹æÇâ°ú ÆòÇà ÇÏ°Ô µå¸± ¸µÀ» ÇÑÈÄ ÇÏÇÁÇÉÀ» »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ü°íÁ¤ ÇÉÀº °¡´ÉÇÑ 10-12 ÁÖ °£ À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù.
e. ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º °ñ¹Ý°ñÀý¿¡¼­ ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤ÀÇ ÀûÀÀÁõ (anterior approach or posterior approach for SI joint reduction )

1) Àü¹æ ³»°íÁ¤¼ú(internal fixation through anterior approach)

    ÀûÀÀÁõ2)-- vertical shear fracture or APC III or LC III injuries Iliac wing fractures with significant displacement plus a Sacroiliac joint disruption
    (1) °ñ¹Ý°ñÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤À» ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ(improve pelvic stability) (2) °³º¹¼úÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÒ ¶§ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ½ÃÇà °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù (laparotomy ½ÃÇà¶§). (3) ¼­ÇýºÎ(perineum) ¿¡ °ñÆíÀÌ µ¹Ãâ½Ã (4) ºñ±¸ Àü¹æ°ñÁÖ °ñÀýÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÆÀ» ½Ã (in association with an acetabular Fractures which require open reduction)

    ±Ý±âÁõ(contraindications of this technique) 2)

    µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÀÌ µÈ °æ¿ì(anatomic reduction ,using a closed methods)

    ¿Ü¾Ð¹Ú·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ãµ°ñüºÎ °ñÀý( fractures involving the sacral body, such as a lateral compression injury to the sacrum)

    õ°ñ ±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÑ °ñÀýÀÎ °æ¿ì( fractures involving the sacrum itself through the sacral formamina)

õÀå°üÀý À̰³( ôÀíóÎ¼ï½ ìÆËÒ,SI diastasis)ÀÇ ¼ö¼ú¹ýÀ¸·Î Èĺ¹¸·À» ÅëÇÑ Àü¹æ ³»°íÁ¤¹ý( anterior approach )ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç À̶§´Â L5 ½Å°æ¼Õ»ó¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇϸç (L 5 nerve is located near sacral promontory), ±×¿Ü¿¡ lateral cutaneous nerves of thigh ¼Õ»óÀ» ÁÙ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç( ¾à 30 % ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇϸç , ¼ö¼úÈÄ 1 ³âµ¿¾ÈÀº Áö°¢ÀÌ»óÀ» È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.by Leighton and Waddell ,CORR 329;119)

2) ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¼ö¼ú¹ý hint

    ---ȯÀÚ¸¦ ¸ÕÀú ´¢µµ°üÀ» »ðÀÔ½ÃÄÑ ¹æ±¤À» ºñ¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ȯÀÚ´ÂC- arm ¿î ÇàÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇϰųª portable X-ray¸¦ ÃÔ¿µÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¼ú´ë¿¡¼­ ¾Ó¿Í À§(supine)·Î À§Ä¡ÇÑ µÚ ilioinguinal approach ¿Í À¯»çÇÏ°Ô Àå°ñÀÇ Àü»ó±Ø(ASIS)¿¡¼­ Àå°ñ´ÉÀÇ 1/2 Á¤µµ ¼Õ¹Ù´Ú ³ÐÀÌ·Î ÇǺΠÀý°³¸¦ ÇÑµÚ ¿¡ Cobb Periosteal elevator¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© SI joint ±îÁö ½±°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÑ ´Ù.promontory´Â ³ª»ç¸øÀÌ ÇÑ °³ Á¤µµ »ðÀÔÇÒ ¸¸Å­¸¸ ³ëÃâ½ÃŲ´Ù, Á¤ º¹ÀÌ ½±Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î sharp pointed ¼Û°÷À¸·Î ¼ö¼úÀÚ°¡ ¹è·Î ¹Ð¾î ÁÖ¸é ¼­ Á¤º¹À» Çϰųª, Á¶¼ö(assistant)¿¡°Ô °Ç ÃøÀ» À§·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Àµµ·Ï ¾à°£ ³»È¸Àü ½Ã۸é Á¤º¹ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ÈĹ泻°íÁ¤¹ý( posterior approach)À¸·Î ÇØ¸é°ñ ³ª»ç¸ø, õÃߺÀ(sacral rod)µîÀ» ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. À̶§´Â ²À C-armÇÏ¿¡¼­ ¼ö¼úÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
    ¼ö¼ú¹ý hint ----------------------------------------------- ȯÀÚ´Â º¹¿ÍÀ§¿¡¼­ ´ëõÃß°ø(greater sciatic notch) À»Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¼± ,Àå°ñÀÇ ÈÄ»ó°ñ±Ø(PSIS)¿¡¼­ µÑ ¶Ç´Â ¼¼ ¼Õ°¡¶ô ³ÐÀÌÀÇ ¿ÜÃø¿¡¼­ ÀÏÁ÷¼±ÀÇ Àý°³¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëµÐ±ÙÀ» Àý°³Çϰųª õ Á¶¸éÀδ븦 Àý°³Çϸé Á¢±ÙÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ´Ù. °¡´É ÇÑ ´ëõÃß°ø »çÀÌ·Î ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ» »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© õ°ñÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ» ¸¸Áö¸é¼­ ³ª»ç¸øÀ» »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù. ´ÜÁ¡À¸·Î´Â »óóºÎÀ§ÀÇ °¨¿°µî(impaired wound healing and subsequent infection)ÀÌ´Ù ( Kellam 1987- 25 %) ¡¡
J Á¤º¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡ :

(reduction were graded by the maximal displacement measured on the 3 views of the pelvis) by Matta and Tornetta 3)-

    excellent ( ¡Â 4mm ) good ( 4- 10 mm ) fair (10- 20 mm ) poor ( > 20 mm ) by Kellam 4) ---

    acceptable reduction less than 10mm posteriorly and less than 20mm posteriorly,

Slatis and Karaharju 5) graded their reduction only by posterior displacement as measured on an AP film; with excellent being less than 5mm, good 5 to 10mm and poor greater than 10mm.

Semba et al 6)- found that initial combined anterior and posterior displacement of greater than 10mm leads to a high rate of severe low back pain

2) ÈÄ¹æ ³»°íÁ¤¼ú(posterior internal fixation)

    (1) ÈĹ汸Á¶¹° ¼Õ»óÀÌ ºÒ¿ÏÀü Á¤º¹µÆ°Å³ª °ñÆí»çÀÌÀÇ Æ´(gap)ÀÌ 1cmÀÌ»óÀ϶§ (2) ÈĹ濡 °³¹æÃ¢ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ (3) ºñ±¸ÈÄ¹æ °ñÁÖ °ñÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ»½Ã (4) ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º °ñ¹Ýȯ(B1) °ñÀýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¹ß¼º °ñÀýȯÀÚÀÇ Ã³Ä¡¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©
K. °ñ¹Ý°ñ °ñÀýÀÇ ÇÕº´Áõ
    1. ÃâÇ÷ ¹× ¼ï 2. ¹æ±¤ ¹× ¿äµµ¼Õ»ó(10¡­20%) : (Àü±Ã°ñÀý(straddle fracture)¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.) ÇùÂø(stricture), À½À§(impotence), ´¢½Ç±Ý(incontinence) µîÀÌ´Ù. ¡Û Àü¹æ¿äµµ¼Õ»ó(anterior urethra rupture : uncommon,): Àü±Ã°ñÀý (straddle Fx.)¿¡¼­ ¡è ¡Û ÈĹæ¿äµµ¼Õ»ó (posterior urethra rupture : M.C.) :Ãø¸é¾Ð¹Ú¼Õ»ó(side to side injury) ¡è 3. Ç÷°ü¼Õ»ó :(external iliac or femoral a.v.) ¿ÜÀå °ñµ¿¸Æ ¶Ç´Â ´ëÅ𠵿Á¤ ¸Æ 4. ½Å°æ¼Õ»ó : Á°ñ½Å°æ(sacral nerve)
¿äÁ¡ ; ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±Þ¼º °ñÀý¿¡´Â ¿Ü°íÁ¤ÀåÄ¡¿Í °ñ°ßÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» º´ÇàÇØ¼­ Çϸé È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ µÈ´Ù.(External fixation and skeletal traction are satisfactory methods in unstable pelvic fracture)

L. ¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ °ñ¹Ý°ñ °ñÀýÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ 4°¡Áö

    (characteristic features of pelvis of child) ¨ç ¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ °ñ¹ÝÀ» À¯¿¬¼º(malleable)ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, °ñ ±×ÀÚü°¡ ¿¬°ñÀÇ Åº·Â¼ºÀ¸·Î ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ Èí ¼öÇÑ´Ù. ¨è °üÀýÀÇ Åº·Â¼º(elasticity of joint) À¸·Î ´Ù¹ß¼º°ñÀý(ex. double break etc)º¸´Ù´Â ¾î´À ÇÑ ºÎÀ§ÀÇ °ñÀýÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ¨é °ñ¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© ¿¬°ñÀÌ ¾àÇØ¼­(inherent weakness of cartilage), ¼ºÀο¡ ºñÇØ °ß¿­°ñÀý (avulsion)ÀÌ ¸¹´Ù. ¨ê ¿¬°ñÀÇ °ñÀýÀº °á±¹Àº ¼ºÀåÀåÇØ(growth arrest), ÇÏÁö±æÀÌÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ(leg length inequality), ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ ºñ±¸(deficient acetabulum)¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.
M. ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼Ò°ß(instability)À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹æ»ç¼± ¼Ò°ß
    ¨ç Á°ñ±Ø(ischial spine)ÀÇ °ß¿­°ñÀý

    ¨è Á¦5¿äÃß È¾µ¹±â °ß¿­°ñÀý(iliolumbar ligament)

    ¨é õÃßÀÇ ¼öÁ÷Àü´Ü °ñÀý

    ¨ê õÀå°üÀýÀÇ ÈĹæºÐ¸® ¹× 1cm ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀüÀ§

¡ÝÂü°í ¹®Çå
    1.Ganz R, Krushell RJ, Jakob RP and Kuffer J: The antishock pelvic clamp. Clin Orthop. , 267 : 71-78 ,1991 2 Leighton RK and Waddel JP : Techniques for reduction and posterior fixation through the anterior approach. Clin Orthop ,329:115-120,1996

    3.Matta JM and Tornetta P : Internal fixation of unstable pelvic ring injuries. Clin Orthop 329: 129-140,1996

    4.Kellam J: The role ofexternal fixation in pelvic disruptions. Clin Orthop, 241:66-82,1989

    5.Slatis P and Karahaju E: External fixation of unstable pelvic fractures : Experiencxe in 22 patients treated with trapezoid compression frame. Clin Orthop 151: 73-80,1980

    6. Semba R, Yasugawa K and Gustilo R : Critical analysis of results of 53 Malgaigne fractures of the pelvis. J Trauma 23: 535-537,1983

¥±. ºñ±¸ °ñÀý Þ¡ Ï¿ Íé ï¹ Fracture of the Acetabulum

I. ÇØºÎÇÐ ¹× Ư¼º

    1) Ư¡ µå¹°Áö¸¸ ±³Åë»ç°í°¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀ̸ç Á¤È®ÇÑ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹À» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â ºÎÀ§ÀÌ ´Ù. ºñ±¸´Â ¹Ý¿øÇü ±¸Á¶·Î Àå°ñ 2/5, Á°ñ 2/5, Ä¡°ñ1/5·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

    2) ÇØºÎÇÐ A. ÈĹæ°ñÁÖ(posterior column)´Â ´Ü´ÜÇϸç, ³»°íÁ¤¼úÀ» Çϱ⿡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù. 1. inner surface : quadrilateral area 2. posterior surface : non articular posterior wall 3. anterior surface : anterior articular surface B. Àü¹æ°ñÁÖ(anterior column) : iliac crest·ÎºÎÅÍ pubis±îÁöÀ̸ç anterior wallÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. C. »óºÎ µ¼(superior dome) : AIIS·ÎºÎÅÍ posterior column±îÁö. superior Wt. bearing area À» ¿ì¸®´Â º¸Åë acetabular dome ¶Ç´Â roof ¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÀüÈÄ ¹æ»ç¼±»ó 3mm µÎ²²ÀÇ ´«½ç °°Àº ¸ð¾çÀÌ´Ù.

II. ¿ªÇÐ
    A. ´ëÅð°ñµÎ(femoral head)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °ñÀýÀÌ µÈ´Ù. 1. ´ëÅð°ñµÎÀÇ ¼Õ»ó¿©ºÎ¸¦ º»´Ù. (look for damage for femoral head) 2. ½½°³°ñ, ÈĽÊÀÚ Àδë¼Õ»óÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÈ´Ù. (associate with patella or PCL injuries)

    B. ´ëÅð°ñµÎÀÇ À§Ä¡(location of femoral head)°¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. 1. ±¼°î(flexion) : Èĺ®°ñÀý ¶Ç´Â ÈĹæÅ»±¸(post wall or post d/L) 2. ¿ÜȸÀü(ext. rotation) : Àüº®°ñÀý(anterior wall) 3. ³»È¸Àü(int. rotation) : ÈĹæ¼Õ»ó(posterior damage) 4. ¿ÜÀü(abducted) : Çϳ»º®(inferomedial wall)¼Õ»ó 5. ³»Àü(adducted) : »ó¿Üº®(superolateral)¼Õ»ó

III. ºÐ·ù

ºñ±¸´Â 2°³ÀÇ anterior and posterior columnÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ,¿©±â¿¡ Àü ÈÄ º®( wall or lips )ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿©¼­ ºÐ·ùÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, two columns frac ture ¿¡ wall fracture °¡ µÈ °ÍÀ» a three part fracture ¶ó°í ÇÏ¸ç ¼ÒÀ§ both column fracture À» floating acetabulum À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Letorunel ¿Í Judet ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ºÐ·ù°¡ µÈ ¿¬ÈÄ¿¡ AO ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¯ÇüÀÌ´Ù, Áï type A ´Âsing le wall or column °ñÀýÀ̸ç type B´Â both columns ( transverse or T type )fractu re À̰í type C´Â both columns fractures¿¡ ilium ±îÁö °ñÀýÀÌ µÈ °æ¿ìÀÌ´Ù.

1) Letournel ºÐ·ù

A. ±âº»°ñÀý(elementary fracture)

    1. Èĺ® °ñÀý(posterior wall fracture) 2. ÈĹæÁöÁÖ °ñÀý(posterior column fracture) 3. Àüº® °ñÀý(anterior wall fracture) 4. Àü¹æÁöÁÖ °ñÀý(anterior column fracture)
B. º¹ÇÕ°ñÀý(associated fracture)
    1. TÇü °ñÀý(T- fracture) 2. ÈĹæÁöÁÖ ¹× Èĺ®°ñÀý(posterior column and posterior wall fracture) 3. Ⱦ°íÀý ¹× Èĺ®°ñÀý(transverse fracture with posterior wall fracture) 4. Àü¹æ°ñÀý ¹× ÈĹæÈ¾ °ñÀý(anterior fracture with posterior wall hemitransverse fracture) 5. ¾çÁöÁÖ °ñÀý(two column fracture)
2) AO ºÐ·ù

AO classification of acetabular fractures.

Type A, Fractures involving only one of two columns of acetabulum:A1,posterior wall and variations;A2,posterior column and variations;A3, anterior wall and anterior column.

Type B, Transverse fractures, portion of roof remains attached to intact ilium:B1, transverse fracture and transverse plus posterior wall fracture;B2, T-shaped fracture and variations; B3, anterior wall or columns;

TypeC : no portion of roof remains attached to intact ilium:C1, anterior column fracture extending to iliac crest; C2, anterior column fracture extending to anterior border of ilium;C3,fractures enter sacroiliac joint, (From Muller ME, Allg wer M, Scheneider R, and Willenegger H: Manual of internal fixation: technique recommended by the AO-ASIF group,ed 3, Berlin, 1991,Springer-Velag.)

IV. ¹æ»ç¼± °Ë»ç( standard view, oblique view)

    ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ,ÀüÈĹæ»ç¼± ¿Ü¿¡ , 45¡£ ȸÀü( ³»,¿Ü) ÃÔ¿µÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. standard views ( anterioposterior inlet and out let views ), special views ( 45¡£internal rotation view= obturator oblique views, and 45¡£ external rotation views = iliac oblique view ),Computed tomography, Three-dimensional computed tomography µîÀ¸·Î ¹æ»ç¼± ÃÔ¿µÀ» ÇÏ¿© Áø´ÜÀ» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
A. ÀüÈİñ¹Ý ÃÔ¿µ( anteroposterior pelvis radiography)

B. ºñ±¸ÃÔ¿µ( acetabular X-ray )

    1. ÀüÈÄ¸é »çÁø( A-P view) : 6°³ÀÇ ±âº» ±¸Á¶(landmarks) a. ºñ±¸Àüº®(Þ¡Ï¿îñâî, anterior wall) b. ºñ±¸Èĺ®(Þ¡Ï¿ý­âî, posterior wall) c. ºñ±¸°³(Þ¡Ï¿ËÏ, roof) d. ´«¹°¹æ¿ï¼±(tear drop = U) e. ÀåÁ°ñ¼±(íóñ¦ÍéàÊ, ilioischial line) f. Ä¡°ñÁñ¼±(ö»ÍéñîàÊ, iliopectineal line)

    2. Æó¼â°ø»ç¸éÀ§[øÍáðÍîßÀ, obturator oblique view= OOV, (45¡£ internal rotation oblique view)]

    a. Èĺ®(posterior wall) b. Àü¹æ°ñÁÖ(anterior column) c. Ãø¸é¼Ò°ßÀÇ Àå°ñÀÍ : ¾ç°ñÁÖ °ñÀý½Ã" spur sign" ºÎÀ§ 6ÀÚ ¶Ç´Â I·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ.

    3. Àå°ñ»ç¸éÀ§ ÃÔ¿µ[Iliac oblique view= IOV (45¡£ external rotation oblique view)] a. Àüº®(anterior wall) b. ÈĹæ°ñÁÖ(posterior column) c. Àå°ñÀÍÀÇ Àüü ¼Ò°ß(profile of iliac wing) 3ÀÚ ¶Ç´Â EÀÚ·Î »ý°¢ÇÏÀÚ.

    (=iliac oblique view of the acetabulum) : 1.posterior column 2.anterior wall Ư¡ : * iliac boneÀÌ Å©°Ô Àß º¸ÀδÙ.

C. ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ´ÜÃþÃÔ¿µ,( axial transverse cut CT¸¦ ÇÏ¿©¾ß ¾Ë¼ö ÀÖ´Ù ) I
    t shows great precision fragmentrs of the anterior or posterior wall, marginal impaction, retained bone fragments in the joint, comminution, the presence or absence of a dislocation, and sacroiliac pathology. .

    °üÀý³»¿¡ °ñÆíÀÇ À¯¹«°Ë»ç¿Í ºñ±¸º® ¼Õ»óÈ®ÀÎ( presence of intraarticular fragments and size and special relationship between the fracture fragments) . ºÐ¼âÁ¤µµÀÇ Æò°¡( degrees of comminution ) D. Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography( 3-D CT )

CT ÃÔ¿µÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÏ¿© °üÀý°­³»¿¡ °ñÆíÀÇ Á¸Àç À¯¹«¿Í °ñÀýÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿Í Á¤µµ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.

V. Ä¡·á

A. ºñ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·á(conservative treatment) ºñÀüÀ§, ¾ÈÁ¤Àû °ñÀý : ( Rockwood, 4th p 1634 )

    1) ÀûÀÀÁõ: a. ÀüÀ§°¡ ¾ø´Â °ñÀý b. ³»°úÀûÀÎ ¼ö¼ú ±Ý±âÁõÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ c. Áö¿¬ÀÌ µÈ ¾çÁöÁÖ°ñÀý(both column fracture) : 3-4ÁÖ ÀÌ»ó Áö¿¬½Ã d. ±âÁ¸ÀÇ °üÀý¿°ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ñÀý

    2) ¹æ¹ý : a. °ñ°ßÀμúÀ» ½ÃÇà b. ¸ñ¹ß º¸ÇàÀº ¼ö»óÈÄ 6ÁÖ°æ c. üÁß ºÎÇÏ´Â ¼ö»óÈÄ 10ÁÖ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.

B. °í°üÀý Å»±¸°¡ ÀÖÀ»½Ã´Â ÀÀ±ÞÀ¸·Î Á¤º¹ÇÑ´Ù.(ƯÈ÷ ÈĹæÅ»±¸½Ã)

C. ¼ö¼úÀÌ ÀûÀÀ½Ã´Â ÀÏÂ÷°ñ°ßÀÎ ÈÄ 2-5ÀÏ ÈÄ¿¡ ½Ç½ÃÇÑ´Ù.

D. ¼ö¼úÀÇ ÀûÀÀÁõ ( Operative treatment )

    Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ºñ±¸°ñÀýÀº ÀÀ±Þ¼ö¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù(emergency surgery rarely indicated)´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é 7 ÀÏ À̳»¿¡ ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ ·Î´Â ¼ö¼úÀÌ ¾î·Æ°í( difficult) , ȺÀÚ°¡ ¼ö¼ú¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ (optimal condition) ÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ±â´Ù·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿Ü ¿¹¹æÀûÀ¸·Î Ç×»ýÁ¦( prophylatic antibiotics) ¿Í Ãæ ºÐÇÑ Ç÷¾×µµ Áغñ ( average blood loss 6 units) ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

    indicated for the unstable or incongruous joint (from Tile 1995)1) ¨Í Unstable Hip ---hip dislocation associated with 1. posterior wall or column displacement. 2. anterior wall or column displacement. 3. central instability ¨Î Incongruity : congruous meaning " to fit exactly " from Latin word gap or even worse a step of greater than 2 to 3 mm in the location may be highly significant. ( Rockwood, 4th p 1636) Types of incongruity- 1. fracture through the roof of dome a. displaced dome fragments b. transverse or T-type fracture (transtectal ) : c. Both-column types with incongruity( displaced posterior column) 2. retained bone fragments 3. displaced fractures of femoral head 4. soft tissue interposition

    °³¹æ¼ºÁ¤º¹ ¹× ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤ (open reduction and internal fixation)Àº ºñ±¸°ñÀý¿¡¼­ÀÀ±Þ( emergency )ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª emergency ·Î ÇÏ¿©¾ß µÇ´Â °æ¿ì´Â indication for urgent surgery includes an irreducible dislocation, an unstable hip after closed reduction,an increasing neurologic deficit after reduction, an associated vascular injury, and occasionally an open fracture.

    Tile ÀÇ ¼ö¼ú ÀûÀÀÁõ -Operation indications by Tile 1. ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ °üÀý¸é(incongruous articular surface) a. ºñ±¸ÀÇ ÈÄÁÖ, Èĺ®°ñÀý½Ã b. ºñ±¸ ¿Ü»óºÎ ÀüÀ§°ñÀý½Ã c. °ñÆíÀÌ °üÀý³»¿¡ Á¸Àç½Ã 2. ÇÏÁö¿¡ ÀåÇØ(in the limb) d. Á°ñ½Å°æ ¸¶ºñ°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ e. µ¿Ãø ´ëÅð°ñ °ñÀý½Ã f. µ¿Ãø ½½°üÀý ¼Õ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ»½Ã 3. ´Ù¹ß¼º °ñÀý ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­(in multiple fracture patients)

E. ºñ±¸°ñÀý ¼ö¼úÀÇ Àý´ëÀû ±Ý±âÁõ(contraindications)
    1) ½ÉÇÑ °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ½Ã 2) Àü½Å»óŰ¡ ¸¶Ãë¿¡ ºÎÀûÇÕÇÑ °æ¿ì
F. ¿©·¯ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¼ö¼ú ÀûÀÀÁõ( several operative indications )
    1) 2mm ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀüÀ§°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ñÀý (by Letournel)

    2) Roof arc¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿© 45°ÀÌÇÏ( measurement of the roof arc in the anteroposterior, iliac oblique, and obturator views) ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº both columns fracture( type C floating acetabulum )ÃøÁ¤À» ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. (by Joel Matta)

    3) Coxometry »ó 3mmÀÌÇÏ(by Pecorelli & Della Torre)

    ¿äÁ¡-in A-P view(medial roof arc)in OOV view (anterior roof arc) in IOV(posterior rrof arc)

    ¸ðµç view¿¡¼­ 45°ÀÌÇÏ´Â ¼ö¼úÀûÁ¤º¹ÀÌ ±ÇÀ¯µÈ´Ù.(by Joel Matta)

VI ÇÕº´Áõ (complications)
    1½Å°æ¼Õ»ó(nerve injury): sciatic nerve , femoral nerve, superior gluteal nerve others( pudendal nerve , lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ets)

    2.À̼Ҽº°ñÈ­Áõ( heterotopic ossification) : 3- 69 % especially young man a posterolateral extensile approach, triradiate or extended iliofemoral appro ach)

    3.¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç.( avascular necrosis)

    4.¿¬°ñ¿ëÇØÁõ( chondrolysis )

VII. ¼ö¼úÀû µµ´Þ¹ý(surgical approach)
    1. Kocher-Langenbeck µµ´Þ¹ý Èĺ®, ÈĹæ°ñÁÖ °ñÀý ¶Ç´Â Ⱦ°ñÀý

    2. Transtrochanteric or ilioinguinal µµ´Þ¹ý ȾÇü ¶Ç´Â TÇü °ñÀý

    3. Ilioinguinal µµ´Þ¹ý Àüº®, Àü¹æ°ñÁÖ °ñÀý

    4. º¹ÇÕ¹æ¹ý(combined methods) : ¾ç °ñÁÖ °ñÀý½Ã(both column fractures)

    5. MearsÀÇ triradiate Àý°³¼ú ÈĹæ°ñÀý ±×¸®°í ȾÇü ¶Ç´Â TÇü °ñÀý¿¡¼­ À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù.

ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¹æ¹ý hint-----------------------------------------------------
    ȯÀÚ¸¦ º¹¿ÍÀ§·Î À§Ä¡ÇÑÈÄ È¯ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ»óµÈ ÇÏÁö°¡ ¼ö¼ú´ë ¿ÜÃø °É¸±Á¤µµ·Î ¹ÛÀ¸·Î À§Ä¡ÇÏ¿© °ßÀÎÀ̳ª ¼ö¼úÁß Á¶ÀÛÀ» ½±°Ô ÇÏ¸ç ½½°üÀýÀº 30-45 ¡£ ±¼°î ½ÃÄѼ­ Á °ñ½Å°æÀÌ °ßÀÎÀÌ µÇÁö¾Ê°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµç ÈĹæ°ñÀý »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Ⱦ°ñÀý µµ °¡´É ÇÑ ÈĹ浵´Þ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¤º¹ÇÒ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. VIII °íÁ¤ ¹æ¹ý (Fixation technique) ±Ý¼Ó°íÁ¤±â±â(Implant): .±Ý¼ÓÆÇ Àº °ñÆíÀ» screws·Î Á¤º¹Çϸé neutralize Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ³ª»ç¸ø°ú ±Ý¼ÓÆÇÀº 3.5mm cortical screws ¿Í 3.5mm recons truction plates°¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ¸ç ±×¿Ü 120mm screw µµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

    fragmented posterior fragment or a large significant quadrilaterlal plate fragment ¸¦ but ress Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©´Â spring plate °¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ¾îÁø´Ù.

IX ºñ±¸°ñÀýÀÇ Æò°¡¹ý

1. MattaÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼±Àû Æò°¡¹ý2)

    Table 1 Roentgenographic Grade Criteria

    Excellent Essentially normal reoentgenogram

    Good Mild spur formation on femoral head or acetabulum mild joint narrowing mild sclerosis

    Fair Mild mottling of femoral head mild subluxation of femoral head' moderate spur formation on femoral head or acetabulum moderate joint narrowing moderate sclerosis

    Poor Any collapse of femoral head any subchondral cyst moderate-severe mottling of femoral head moderate-severe subluxation of femoral head severe spur formation on femoral head or acetabulum severe joint narrowing severe sclerosis

2. D'Aubigne and Postel 3)ÀÇ ÀÓ»ó Æò°¡¹ý ( Clinical grade scale)
    Pain Points Ambulation Points ROM Points Grades

    no pain 6 normal 6 100-95% 6

    slight or 5 no cane but 5 80-94% 5

    intermittent slight limp pain after 4 long distances 4 60-79% 4 ambulation but with cane/crutches disappear

    moderately severe 3 limited even with 3 40-59 % 3 permits supports ambulation

    severe with 2 very limited 2 ambulation severe prevents 1 bedridden 1 0-39 % 1 ambulation

    Excellent 18, good 15-17, fair 12-14, poor 3-11

III. õ°ñ(ôÀÍé, sacrum)

A. ºóµµ : ôÃß °ñÀýÀÇ 1% (Lafollette µî¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 60%¿¡¼­ Ãʱâ Áø´ÜÀ» ³õÄ¡´Â ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°íÇÔ)

B. ºÐ·ù

)Denis¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé õ°ñ°ñÀýÀ» 3±¸¿ª(3 zone)À¸·Î ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. I : alar zone II : sacral foramina zone III : central sacral canal zone

2) »õ·Î¿î ºÐ·ù¹ý( modified Denis classification) zone 1 through alar zone u; undisplaced d; displaced ( > 2mm ) zone 2 through foramina zone u; undisplaced d; displaced ( > 2mm ) zone 3 through central canal , vertical fracture u; undisplaced d; displaced ( > 2mm ) zone 4 transvese fracture u; undisplaced d; displaced ( > 2mm )

DenisÀÇ 236¸í ȯÀÚÁß ½Å°æÀå¾Ö°¡ ¿Â °æ¿ì´Â 32%¿´À¸¸ç Zone 1 : 5.9% Zone 2 : 28% Zone 3 : 87% ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ» º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.

C. Ä¡·á :

    (1) º¸Á¸Àû Ä¡·á 8-12 ÁÖ°£ ħ»ó ¾ÈÁ¤ (2) ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ °ñ¹Ý °ñÀýÀÌ µ¿¹Ý½Ã¿¡ ¿Ü°íÁ¤À̳ª ³»°íÁ¤ Ä¡·áÇÑ´Ù.
¡Ý Âü°í ¹®Çå
    1. Tile M : Fractures of the acetabulum : The rationale operative fracture care ,2nd ed. Springer ,p284-286,1996

    2. Matta JM, Anderson LM, Epstin HC and Hendricks P: Fracture of the acetabulum A retrospective analysis, Clin Orthop, 205: 230-240, 1986

    3. D'aubigne RM and Postel M : Functional results of hip arthroplasaty with acrylic prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg, 36A: 451,1954

    ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ¹× ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀý ÓÞ÷Ú Íé Ôé ÓÞ ÷Ú Ìò Ý» Íé ï¹ Femur head & Femur neck fracture

I. ´ëÅð°ñµÎ °ñÀý°ú °í°üÀý ÈĹæÅ»±¸ (Femoral head fracture & dislocation)

A : ÇØºÎÇÐ :

    ¹ß»ýºóµµ´Â µå¹°´Ù(rare), °¡´ÉÇÑ È¯ÀÚÀÇ °Ç°­ÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇ¸é À绡¸® Á¤º¹ÇØ¾ß ÇÏÁö ¸¸ µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¼ö¼úÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤º¹Çϰųª Á¤º¹À» ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â °ñÆíÀ» Á¦°Å ÇÑ´Ù. 6½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ Á¤º¹ÇÑ °æ¿ì ÁÁÀº °á°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, 6½Ã°£ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ Á¤º¹À» ÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â ¿¹Èİ¡ ºÒ·®ÇÏ¿´´Ù (by Hougaar).
B : ºÐ·ù I. PipkinÀÇ ºÐ·ù
    Pipkin ¥° ÇϺΰñÀý(caudad) ¥± »óºÎ°ñÀý(cephalad) ¥² °æºÎ°ñÀýµ¿¹Ý ¥³ ºñ±¸°ñÀý µ¿¹Ý <Fig.23-1> ´ëÅð°ñµÎ °ñÀýÀÇ Pipkin ºÐ·ù II. AOÀÇ ºÐ·ù
C : ¹æ»ç¼± ÃÔ¿µ ÀÏ¹Ý ¹æ»ç¼±°ú ¿äÁîÀ½Àº CT ÃÔ¿µÀÌ º¸ÆíÈ­µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

D : Ä¡·á

1) Pipkin I ÇüÀº-µµ¼öÁ¤º¹(closed reduction)

    a) µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÈÄ 4°¡Áö Áß¿ä ¿äÀÎ ( 4 factors of clinical importance ) ¨ç Á¤º¹µÈ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¿Í ºñ±¸°¡ Á߽ɿøÇüÀÇ Çü»óÀÌ µÇ´ÂÁö (the concentricity of the reduced femoral head in the acetabulum) ¨è ÀüÀ§µÈ °ñÆíÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ Á¤º¹ (the accuracy of the reduction of the displaced femoral head fragment) ¨é °ñÀýµÈ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ °ñÆíÀÇ Å©±â (the size of the femoral head fragment) ¨ê Á¤º¹ÈÄ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀÇ ¿©ºÎ (the stability of the reduction) b) µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÈÄ °ßÀÎÀº 6ÁÖ±îÁö ½ÃÇàÇϸç, ºÎºÐ üÁß ºÎÇÏ´Â ´ÙÀ½ 6¡­8ÁÖ ÀÌ ÈÄÀÌ´Ù.
2) Pipkin IIÇü
    a) µµ¼öÁ¤º¹À» ½ÃÇàÇϰí Á߽ɿø(concentric)Á¤º¹ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ¸é, °ñÆíÀÌ ÀÛÀ» °æ¿ì´Â Á¦°Å(excision)Çϳª Å« °æ¿ì´Â ³»°íÁ¤ ½ÃŲ´Ù (countersunk screw µî). b) ¼úÈÄ Ã³Ä¡´Â °°´Ù.
3) Pipkin IIIÇü
    a) ÀþÀºÀÌ (young patient) ¨ç Å»±¸´Â Á¤º¹Çϰí, ´ëÅð °æºÎ´Â ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¨è ±×¿Ü Ç÷°üºÎÂø °ñÀ̽Ä(vascularized graft)À» ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. b) ³ëÀÎ(elderly pt)-¹Ý°í°üÀý ġȯ¼ú (hemiarthroplasty)ÀÌ ´õ È¿°úÀûÀÌ´Ù.
4) Pipkin IVÇü
    a) µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÇÏ¿© °üÀýÀÇ ¿øÇü±¸Á¶¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´ÂÁö º»´Ù. (smooth contour of femoral head) b) Á߽ɿøÀû Á¤º¹(concentric reduction)ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¼ö¼úÀû Á¤º¹ÈÄ ³»°í Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. (ORIF) c) ³ëÀÎ ¹× °üÀý¿°ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °æ¿ì´Â °üÀýġȯ¼úÀÌ °í·Á µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. (if arthritis persist -THA recommend)
II. ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀý (ÓÞ÷ÚÌòÝ»Íéï¹,Femur neck fracture)

A. ÇØºÎÇÐ

1). °üÀý³¶(capsule) : Àü¹æÀº ÀüÀÚ°£±îÁö, ÈĹæÀº °æºÎÀÇ Áß°£±îÁö ºÙ¾îÀÖ´Ù.

    ¢Ñ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû ¹®Á¦Á¡ : Á¤Çü¿Ü°ú ¿ª»ç´Â ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÄ¡·áÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ã±âÀ§ÇÑ ¿ª»ç¿Í °°´Ù°í ÇÒ¸¸Å­, Á¤Çü¿Ü°ú Àǻ翡°Ô´Â °¡Àå Å« ¹®Á¦ °ñÀý(unsolved fracture)ÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷³ª ÇØºÎ ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ´ëÅð°ñµÎÀÇ Ç÷¾×°ø±ÞÀÌ ¹Ì¹ÌÇÏ°í °ñ¸·ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ °ñÀ¯ÇÕÀÌ ½±°Ô ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, Á¤Çü¿Ü°ú Àǻ簡 ó¸® ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ 10¡­15%¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

    ¡Ø ¨ç °¡°ñÀ» Çü¼º½ÃŰ´Â °ñ¸·ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ °ñ³»¸·¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¸¸ À¯ÇÕÀÌ µÈ´Ù. (no periosteal layer, therefore all healing must be endosteal) ¨è °üÀý¾×Àº °¡°ñÀ» ¿ëÇØ½ÃŲ´Ù (synovial fluied bathing lysis callus)

    ¢¿ Hint ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÈÄ ÃµÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÈíÀμúÀÇ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ? --------- ´ëÅð °æºÎ °ñÀýÈÄ ÃâÇ÷·®Àº ÃÑ 5 cm3 ·Î ¹Ì¹ÌÇÏ´Ù ¶ÇÇÑ °ñÀýÈÄ ´ëÅð°æºÎ ¾Ð·ÂÀº 0-68mmHg( average ,28mm Hg)ÀÌ´Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú´Â ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀýÈÄ¿¡ ÷ÀÚ (aspiration)´Â Ç÷°üÀÇ À̿ϱ⠾зÂ(diastolic blood pressure)º¸´Ù ³·À¸¹Ç·Î ¼ö¼úÀüÀÇ Ã·ÀÚ´Â ´ëÅð°ñµÎÀÇ Ç÷°üÀå¾Ö È¿°ú¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù (preoperative aspiration is not effective--- 1984 Drake 2) ).

2) °ñ´Ù°øÁõ (ÍéÒýÍîñø,osteoporosis) °úÀÇ °ü°è
    a) ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÀº 70´ë³ª 80´ë¿¡¼­ ºó¹ßÇÑ´Ù. (ÀüÀںΠ°ñÀýº¸´Ù 3³âÁ¤µµ ´õ Àþ´Ù.) b) ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÀÇ 84%´Â Áߵ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÈ´Ù (Atkin, 1984). c) °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â ´ëÅð±ÙÀ§ °ñÀýÀÇ ºóµµ¿Í´Â °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Ù.(Makin, 1987). d) ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÀÇ Æò±Õ ¿¬·ÉÀº ³²ÀÚ 72¼¼, ¿©ÀÚ 77¼¼ (Delee, 1990). e) insufficiency fracture ¶õ °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ³ëÀÎÀÇ °ñÀý·Î½á ¸í¹éÇÑ ¿Ü»ó ÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¿À´Â °ñÀýÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ( Dorne & Lander )
B. ´ëÅð ±ÙÀ§ºÎÀÇ Ç÷¾× °ø±Þ

1)´ëÅð°æºÎ Ç÷¾×°ø±Þ

a) ´ëÅð°æºÎ ÀÇ ±âÀúºÎ : extracapsular arterial ring Èĸé(posterior)-´ëÅ𠳻ȸ¼± µ¿¸ÆºÐÁö(medial femoral circumflex a. branch) Àü¸é(anterior)-´ëÅð ¿Üȸ¼± µ¿¸ÆºÐÁö(lateral femoral circumflex a. branch) b) ´ëÅð°æºÎ Ç¥¸é : °üÀý³¶ÀÇ ascending cervical branch¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °ø±Þ (ÀÏ ¸í retinacular artery)Çϸç 4ºÐÁöÁß lateral ºÐÁö°¡ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¿Í °æºÎ¿¡ ´ë ºÎºÐ Ç÷¾×°ø±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.

2) ´ëÅð°ñµÎ Ç÷¾×°ø±Þ ( blood supply of the femoral head )

    a) lateral epiphyseal a.¡æ°¡Àå Áß¿äÇϳª, ¿Ü»ó¿¡ ½±°Ô ¼Õ»óµÈ´Ù. (from retinacular a.) b) medial epiphyseal a.¡æ ¿øÇüÀδë(ligamentum teres)·ÎºÎÅÍ µé¾î¿À´Â µ¿ ¸ÆÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀÎÀÌ µÇ¸é Ç÷¾× °ø±ÞÀÌ Á¡Â÷ °¨¼ÒµÈ´Ù (from obturator a.) c) inferior metaphyseal a.¡æ °ñ³»¸·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °ø±ÞµÇ´Â Ç÷¾×(from medial femoral circumflex a.)
3) ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÀÌ µÇ¸é Àç Ç÷¾×°ø±Þ(revascularization)Àº
    a)ÀÜÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Áö´ëµ¿¸Æ(remaining retinacular vessel)À̳ª ¿øÇüÀδ뵿¸Æ (functioning vessels in the ligamentum teres)¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´Ù.(remaining blood supply by the process of creeping substitution ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ƯÈ÷³ª subfoveolar area supplied by the medial epiphyseal vessels )

    b) second source is vascular ingrowth across the fracture site :

    ¸ÕÀú °ñÀýÀÌ µÇ¸é fibrous tissue ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀÌ µÇ°í ,¾ÈÁ¤ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸é ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ vascular bud ingrowth¿¡ Àå¾Ö°¡ ¾ø¾îÁö¹Ç·Î ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»çÀÇ ºóµµ °¡ ÁÙ¾îµå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

    c). Garden ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé valgus, rotary malpositionÀº foveal blood supply ¿¡ Àå¾Ö¸¦ Áشٰí ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, LintonÀº Large nail À» ¿øÀοäÀÎÀ¸·Î. Caffey´Â nailÀÇ À§Ä¡ °¡ superior·Î À§Ä¡ ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì( superior aspect of femoral head )¿¡ lateral epiphyseal vessel¿¡ ¼Õ»óÀ» Áشٰí ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Stromquist ´Â triflange nailÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ nail À» ¾²Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ÀÌÀ¯´Â »ðÀÔµ¿¾È »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸ÁÄ¡ ( mallet )¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¨ÀÔÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ±â( disimpaction) ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ÇÏ¿© ´ë½Å¿¡ hook nailÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¿Ü¿¡ screwµµ ´ëÅð°ñ µÎ¸¦ ȸÀü ½ÃŰ¹Ç·Î ligamentum teres Ç÷°ü¿¡ Àå¾Ö¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

C. ¼Õ»ó ±âÀü- 3 °¡Áö
    1. ´ëÀüÀںο¡ °¡ÇÑ Á÷Á¢ ¿Ü·Â ( direct blow ) -" Linton"

    2. »çÁöÀÇ ¿ÜȸÀü ?¼Õ»ó ( lateral rotation of extremity )- "Scheck "

    3. ¹Ýº¹µÈ ºÎÇÏ ( cyclic loading) ·Î ¹Ì¼¼°ñÀý°ú ÀÏ¹Ý °ñÀýÀÌ ¿Â´Ù. ÀþÀºÀÌ ´Â Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿Ü·Â (direct force )

D. ºÐ·ù

1) Garden ºÐ·ù

    a) Garden I Çü : ºÒ¿ÏÀü°ñÀý, ÀüÀ§°¡ ¾ø´Ù(an incomplete or impacted fracture)

    b) Garden II Çü : ¿ÏÀü°ñÀý, ÀüÀ§°¡ ¾ø´Ù(a complete fracture without displacement)

    c) Garden III Çü : ¿ÏÀü°ñÀý, ÀüÀ§°¡ ÀÖ´Ù(a complete fracture with partial displacement).

    d) Garden IV Çü : ¿ÏÀü°ñÀý ¹× ¿ÏÀü ÀüÀ§Çü °ñÀý·Î ¹æ»ç¼±»ó ºñ±¸¼ÒÁÖ¿Í ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ¼ÒÁÖ°¡ ÀÏÁ÷¼±À» ÀÌ·ç´Â Á¤»ó¸ð¾çÀÌ´Ù

2)AO ºÐ·ù--
    - B1; Subcapital Fx with slight displacement . B2; Transcervical Fx B3; Nonimpacted, displaced, subcapital Fx
3) Pauwel ºÐ·ù (°ñÀý°¢¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­) Á¦ 1Çü I(30°), Á¦ 2Çü II (50°), Á¦ 3Çü III(70°)
    »ç¿ëÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµç ÀÌÀ¯ ¨ç Å« °¢µµ¿Í ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»çÀÇ ºóµµ¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¨è ¿øÀ§°ñÆíÀÇ È¸Àü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °¢µµ°¡ º¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¨é ´Ù¸®ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿Í ¹æ»ç¼± ÃÔ¿µ°¢µµ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ °ñÀý°¢ÀÌ ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î ÀÌ¿ëÀÌ ÁÙ ¾îµé°í ÀÖ´Ù (not used).
4) ÇǷΰñÀý(stress fracture)
    . ÇÇ·Î °ñÀýÀ» ÀÏÀÇ Å°´Â 2 °¡Áö ÀÎÀÚ( two casual factors ) ¨ç ÈûÀÇ Á¤µµ ( degree of force applied ), ¨è °ñÀÇ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ Á¤µµ ( strength of the bone ) . ȯÀÚÀÇ 2 Áý´Ü(two group of patients ) ¨ç Á¤»ó °ñ »óÅÂÀÇ ÀþÀºÀÌ - º´»çµé ¨è °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´ÄÀºÀÌ .
    ¹æ»ç¼± ¼Ò°ß¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ 2 ÇüÅ ( by Devas )

    1 ½Å¿¬Çü( distraction ) ¶Ç´Â Ⱦ Çü - 60 ¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ È¯ÀÚ.

    2 ¾Ð¹ÚÇü( compression) - 60 ¼¼ ÀÌÇÏÀÌ¸ç °¡°ñÀÌ ´ëÅð °æºÎ ÇϺο¡ ¼­ º¸ÀδÙ.( haze of callus ) .

    Ä¡·á ½Å¿¬ÇüÀº ÀÀ±Þ ¼ö¼úÀ» ¿äÇÑ´Ù. ÀüÀ§µÉ À§Çè ¶§¹®¿¡ (multiple pins or screws) Pankovich ´Â ¸ðµç ÇǷΰñÀý¿¡¼­ ±Ý¼Ó ³»°íÁ¤À» ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

E. ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ ¹× ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»çÀÇ À§Çè ºóµµ¿Í Áø´Ü (Diagnosis)

1. ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °ñÀýÇü°ú ÀüÀ§Á¤µµ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ a. ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç´Â Garden I, IIÇü 16%, Garden III, IVÇüÀº 28%. b. ÈĹæºÐ¼â°¡ Àְųª ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ Á¤º¹Àº À§ÇèÀÌ Å©´Ù. c. Á¤º¹ÀÇ ½Ã±â°¡ ´ÊÀ¸¸é ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»çÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ Å©´Ù.

    Muscle pedicle bone graft & internal fixation(by Judet, Meyers)

    a. ÀÕÁ¡ : ¨ç ºÐ¼â°¡ ÀÖ´Â ÈĹ濡 °ñÀ̽ÄÀ»ÇÏ¿© ÁöÁö´ë ¿ªÇÒ·Î °ñÀýÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(buttress effect) ¨è °ñÀ̽ÄÀº ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ Ç÷¾×°ø±ÞÀ» µµ¸ðÇÑ´Ù(additional bl. supply).

    b. º¸°í : ÀüÀ§µÈ °æºÎ°ñÀýÀÇ 90%¿¡¼­ À¯Çյǰí, ÈıâºÎºÐÇÔ¸ôÀº 18°³¿ù ÀÌ»ó ÃßÀû°á°ú ´Ü 8%¿¡¼­ ¿È

2. ¿¬·É°ú ³»°úÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦ : °í·ÉÀ̳ª, PagetÀÇ Áúȯ¿¡¼­ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀÇ ºóµµ°¡ ³ô´Ù.

3. °ñÁÖ»ç·Î¼­ ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç¸¦ Á¶±âÁø´ÜÇÑ´Ù

    ( Bauer ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼ö¼úÈÄ 2 ÁÖÀ̳»ÀÇ technesium 99m-sulfur colloid bone marrow scanning ÀÇ °á°ú Áï defici ent blood supply¿Í ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ º¸°í ÇÏ¿© Á¤È®¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº °ÍÀ¸ ·Î º¸°í µÇ¾ú´Ù. Asnis ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¶ÇÇÑ °ñÀý 2 ÁÖÀ̳»ÀÇ MRI ´Â ¼ö¼úÈÄ ±« »ç¸¦ Áø´Ü Çϴµ¥ ºÎÀûÇÕ ÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù

    ( MRI is not a prognmosticator for post-traumatic osteonecrosis for at least 2 weeks after fracture ).

    ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç Áø´Ü¹ý : 1. isotope clearance scanning 4. intraosseous pressure 2. venography 5. isotopes 3. oxygen tension measurement Ä¡·á : Quadratus femoris muscle pedicle graft (Judet, Meyer)ÀÇ ½Ãµµ.

F. °ñ´Ù°øÁõ Singh indexÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü :
    3 ÀÌÇÏ¸é °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÇ¸ç, ³»°íÁ¤½Ã ½ÇÆÐ°¡ ³ô´Ù.
G. Ä¡·á :

°¡´ÉÇÑ Àçºü¸¥ Á¤º¹À» ÇÏ¿© Áö´ëµ¿¸Æ(retinacular a.)ÀÌ ¿øÈ°ÇÑ Ç÷¾×°ø±Þ À» Çϵµ·ÏÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Á¤º¹±îÁöÀÇ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ±æ¾îÁú¼ö·Ï ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç ºóµµ°¡ ³ô¾ÆÁö´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸¸Å­, Á¤Çü¿Ü°úÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀÀ±Þ¼ö¼ú(emergency op.) À» ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

1) Ä¡·á¸ñÀû :

    1.ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹(anatomical reduction), 2 °¨ÀÔ (impaction), 3.°ß°íÇÑ ³»°íÁ¤ (stable internal fixation) 2) ³»±Ý¼Ó¹°Àº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î µÎ°¡Áö ÇüŰ¡ ÀÖ´Ù. :
a) ´Ù¹ß¼º ³ª»ç¿Í ÇÉ (multiple screw or pin) : Knowles pin, cancellous screw
    ´Ù¹ß¼º ÇÉ»ðÀÔ(multiple pinning)¡æ´ëÅð°æºÎ Ä¡·á¿¡ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù
b)Ȱ°­ ¾Ð¹Ú³ª»ç¿Í ±Ý¼ÓÆÇ (collapsible pin or compression screw and plate combination) ¡æsliding hip compression screw & plate (SHCP)
    ¼ö¼úÀû µµ´Þ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÈĹ浵´Þ¹ýÀº Àý´ë ±ÝÁö ÀÌÀ¯´Â ´ëÅð°ñµÎ Ç÷¾×À» °ø ±ÞÇÏ´Â lateral epiphyseal µ¿¸ÆÀÌ ´ëÅð°æºÎ ÈĸéÀ» Åë°úÇϹǷΠÀ̰÷ ÀÇ Àý°³¼úÀº Ç÷°ü¼Õ»óÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ Å« °ÍÀÌ´Ù.(Campbell 8th p.936)
c) GardenÀÇ ¼±¿­Ä¡(alignment index) :
    ÀüÈÄÃø¸é ¹æ»ç¼±¼Ò°ß»ó ´ë Åð°æºÎ¿Í ´ëÅ𰣺ÎÀÇ °ñÁÖ (trabeculae)°¡ 160¡­180°»çÀÌ ÀÌ´Ù. Áï °ñÀýÁ¤º¹ÈÄ ÀüÈĸé, Ãø¸é »çÁø¿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ 155°¹üÀ§°¡ µÇ¾î ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù
d) Adequacy of reduction by Garden alignment index
    - Good 160/180°in both AP & alteral Acceptable 155-180° in both AP & Laeral Poor less than 155° or greater than 180°in both view Malreduction less than 150° or greater than in AP view alone

    SÇüÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¸é Àß Á¤º¹µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù(by Lowell).

    GardenÀÇ ¼±¿­Ä¡ 160¡­180°À̳»

3) ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼ú( prosthesis replacement)

(a) ¾ç±Ø¼º ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼ú(Bipolar hemiarthroplasty) ÀûÀÀÁõ

    : ¨ç °í·ÉÀÇ È¯ÀÚ(70¼¼ ÀÌ»ó) ¶Ç´Â 2Â÷ ¼ö¼ú(±Ý¼ÓÁ¦°Å¼úÀ̳ª ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ ¼ö¼ú)À» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Ç°­ÀÌ ºÒ·®ÇÑ ³ëÀÎ(in elderly) ¨è ÆÄŲ½ºº´, ¶Ç´Â ¹Ý½Å¸¶ºñ, ½Å°æÀåÇØ°¡ Àִ ȯÀÚ(parkinson's disease) ¨é º´Àû °ñÀû ȯÀÚ(pathologic fracture) ¨ê °í·ÉÀÇ È¯ÀÚ·Î Á¶±â¿îµ¿ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÀÚ( early ambulation needed) Carnesale°ú Anderson¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ³ëÀο¡¼­ ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý ȯÀÚ¸¦ ÀÏÂ÷ ÀûÀÎ Àΰø°ñµÎ ġȯ¼úÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÑ °æ¿ì 60%¿¡¼­ good results, 30% complication, 5% mortality¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù°í Çß´Ù.
(b) "Thompson"ÀÇ ¹Ý°üÀý ġȯ¼ú ÀûÀÀÀÇ 3p
    ¨ç Parkinson's disease ¨è Paget's disease ¨é Porosis (spastic hemiplegia, old aged & blind, electric shock pt)
(c) ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼úÀÇ ±Ý±âÁõ(hemiarthroplasty contraindications)
    ¨ç ÆÐÇ÷ÁõÀÌ Àִ ȯÀÚ ¨è Ȱµ¿ÀûÀÎ ÀþÀº ¿¬·É
4)°í°üÀý Àüġȯ¼ú(total hip arthroplasty)ÀÌ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡À̵å¶óÀÎ(guide line)Àº ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö´Â È®½ÇÄ¡ ¾Ê´Ù.
    ±×·¯³ª by F.Sim & Stuffer ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀûÀÀÁõ Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ¨ç °ñÀýÀÌ µÇ±â ÀüºÎÅͼ­ °üÀýÀÇ ÁúȯÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý(patients who have associated hip disease as in severe AVN & RA or degenerative disease) ¨è ¹Ý´ëÃøÀÇ °í°üÀýÀÇ ÁúȯÀÌ Àִ ȯÀÚ(Those with contralateral hip disease) ¨é ³ëÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ ³»°íÁ¤½ÇÆÐÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ³ôÀº ÀÚ(in elderly pt. who high potential for failure)
5) ÀüÀ̾Ï(metastasis)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º´Àû °ñÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ»½Ã ÁÁÀº Ä¡·á¹ý(Campbell 8th 944)
    ¨ç Á¾¾çÀÇ °¨¿ëÀû ¼ú(debulking of tumor) ¨è ½Ã¸àÆ®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Àΰø°ñµÎÀÇ »ðÀÔ(prosthetic head replacement) ¨é ¼úÈÄ ¹æ»ç¼± Ä¡·á(postop radiation therapy)
¡Ø ¹æ»ç¼± Ä¡·áÈÄ¿¡ ¿À´Â ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý :
    ¨± °í°üÀý ¹× ½½°üÀý¿¡ ±¹ÇѵǴ µ¿ÅëÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù(prodromal pain). ¨² ȯÀÚ´Â °ÉÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾î Á¡Â÷ÀûÀÎ ³»¹Ý°í(coxa vara)°¡ ¿Â´Ù. ¨³ °ñÀýÀÇ ÇüÅ´ high neck ¶Ç´Â subcapital°ñÀýÀÌ´Ù. ¨´ Ư¡ÀûÀÎ ³»¹Ý°íº¯ÇüÀÌ ¿Â´Ù. ¨µ ¹æ»ç¼± Ä¡·á°¡ Ç÷¾×ÀåÇØ¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼­ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °ñÀýº¸´Ù Àß Ä¡À¯µÉ ¼öµµ À־ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀ̳ª ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»çÀÇ ºóµµ°¡ Àû´Ù. ¨¶ °ñÀýÀÇ À¯ÇÕÈÄ °æÈ­(sclerosis)°¡ º¸ÀδÙ.
H. Áø´ÜÀÌ ´ÊÀº °æ¿ìÀÇ ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀýÀÇ Ä¡·á (fracture of the neck of the femur diagnosed late)
    King ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀýÀÌ 3 ÁÖÀÌ»ó Ä¡·áÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »óÅ´ ¾Æ¿¹ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ°ñ Àý (ununited fracture )¶ó°í ¸í¸íÇß´Ù. Reich µµ ¼Õ»óÈÄ 6 ÁÖÀÌ»ó Ä¡·á°¡ µÇ Áö¾Ê´Â »óŶó¸é À¯ÇÕÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù°í Çß´Ù.

    Coventry ¿Í Eftekhar ´Â °æ ºÎ°ñÀý Ä¡·á·Î 10 ÀÏ ÀÌÈÄ ÀÇ ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤¼úÀº °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ´ëÅð°ñµÎġȯ¼úÀ» ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Meyerµî¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 30-90 ÀÏ »çÀÌÀÇ Ä¡·á¾Ê´Â ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀýÀº pos terior muscle pedicle graft ¿Í ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤ ( internal fixation)À» ½ÃµµÇÏ ¿© 72 % À§ À¯ÇÕÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸°í´Â ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Rockwood preferred treatment :
    1)Ȱµ¿¿¬·É(physiologic age) , ¿©¸í(life expectancy),µ¿¹Ý Áúȯ(associated disease)µî ¿©·¯Á¶°ÇÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ¿© ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼úÀÌ ÀûÀÀÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°æ¿ì´Â ½Ç »ç ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¸¦ »ì¸®´Â muscle pedicle graft ¿Í º¸Á¶ÀûÀÎ Àå°ñ´É À̽ļú( supplemental iliac crest bone graft)À» ±Ý ¼Ó ³»°íÁ¤½Ã¿¡ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù.

    2) ¸¸ÀÏ ´ëÅð°ñµÎġȯ¼úÀÇ ÀûÀÀÁõÀ̶ó¸é ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼ú(hemiarthroplasty) À̳ª Àüġȯ¼ú( total hip replacement)À» ºñ±¸¿¬°ñ( acetabular cartilage involvement )ħ¹ü¿©ºÎ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿© ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù.

I. ÇÕº´Áõ(complications)

»ç¸Á·ü(mortality ): during first year after hip fracture ranges from 14 to 36%. The risk is highest during the first 6months after injury ºóµµ °í°üÀý °ñÀýÈÄ Àϳâ À̳» »ç¸Á·ü 14-36 %

Ç÷Àü ¹× »öÀüÁõ (thromboembolism) ´ëÅð±ÙÀ§ºÎ °ñÀý ȯÀÚÀÇ 40 %, ȯÀÚÀÇ 1/4 ¿¡¼­¸¸ Áõ»óÀ» È£¼Ò °¨¿°(infection) (1-14%):

    use of antibiotics risk of infection decreased the risk of infection with Staphylococcus aureus from 5 % to 1% for major wound infection and from 11% to 4 % for minor wound infectio n °ü·Ã¿äÀÎ 1.¼ö¼ú½Ã°£,2, °ñ ÀýÈÄ º´¿ø±îÁö ÀÔ¿ø ±â°£ , 3,¼ö¼úÈÄ ´¢°ü »ðÀÔ ±â °£°ú °¨¿°ÀÇ ºóµµ°¡ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÔ ¨± ȯÀÚ´Â 70¡­80´ë¿¡¼­ °¨¿°ÀÌ ³ô´Ù(7th or 8th decades or older). ¨² µ¿¹ÝÁúȯÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§(´ç´¢³ª ¸¸¼ºÀ§Àå¿°). ¨³ ȸÀ½ºÎ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ÇǺÎÀý°³¸¦ ÇÒ ¶§¿¡(incision near perineum). ¨´ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Àý°³¼ú°ú ¿À·» ¼ö¼ú½Ã°£(wide exposure & prolonged op. time). ¨µ Á¤½ÅÀÌ»óȯÀÚ(disoriented pt.).
ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ(nonunion) :
    6¡­12°³¿ù »çÀÌ¿¡ À¯ÇÕ¼Ò°ß(no evidence of union)ÀÌ ¾øÀ»½Ã

    ºóµµ: ºñÀüÀ§ °ñÀý¿¡¼­´Â µå¹°´Ù. ÀüÀ§°ñÀýÀÎ °æ¿ì 20-30 %( rare after nondisplaced fracture but occurs in 20 % to 30 % of displaced fracture) Most series reported union rates of 85 % to 95 % after reduction and internal fixation of displaced fractures

    Á¤ÀÇ(criteria): °ñÀýÈÄ 6- 12 °³¿ù µ¿¾È À¯ÇÔÀÇ Áõ°Å (healing evidence ) °¡ ¾øÀ»¶§ °ü·Ã(factors): 1.ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑÁ¤º¹ ¹× ³»°íÁ¤°ú ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀº »ó°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù(Cleveland & Bailey ) 2. ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕµµ ³ô´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.( Barnes, Boyd & Phemister ) 3.°ñÀýºÎÀ§°¡ ºÐ¼âµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸é 60 % ¿¡¼­ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀÌ ¹ß»ý

    ( Banks ) ¿øÀÎÀº 1. °íÁ¤ »ó½Ç(loss of fixation(°¡Àå Áß¿ä)) 2. Ç÷¾×°ø±Þ Àå¾Ö(vascular insufficiency) 3.ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ Á¤º¹( inaccurate reduction)

    Ä¡·á: 1.´ëÅð°ñµÎ¸¦ »ì¸®´Â °æ¿ì ( salvage operation ) Dickson geometric osteotomy with bone graft µî 2. Àΰø°ñµÎ·Î ´ëü ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù( femoral head replacement) ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç(aseptic necrosis) : ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç´Â Èı⠺κРÇÔ¸ô( late segmental collapse )°ú ±¸º°ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Èı⠺κРÇÔ¸ôÀº ±«»çºÎÀ§ÀÇ °ñ¿¡ °üÀý¸éµîÀÌ ÇÔ¸ô µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î Èı⿡ °ñ¼º°ü Àý¿°À» ¹ß»ý½ÃŰ¾î¼­ µ¿ÅëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. Á¤ÀÇ(definition): Aseptic necrosis, the actual death of bone secondary to ischemia, is an early phenomenon after fracture of the femoral neck and can be considered a microscopic event,
    (Late segmental collapse is the collapse of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage that overlies the infarcted bone. This collapse results in joint incongruity, pain, and, eventually, degenerative joi nt disease. )

    ºóµµ:

      ÀüÀ§ °ñÀýÀÇ 66 % ¿¡¼­ ºÎºÐ ¶Ç´Â ¿ÏÀü ±«»ç°¡ ¿Â´Ù. ÈıâºÎºÐ ÇÔ¸ôÀº 2³â ºÎÅÍ 17 ³â±îÁö ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ºñÀüÀ§°ñÀýÀº 10-20 %¿¡¼­, ÀüÀ§ °ñÀýÀº 15-35 % ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ºóµµ°¡ ³ô´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
    ¹æ»ç¼± ¼Ò°ß ;
      1. Ư¡ÀûÀ¸·Î °ñÀ½¿µÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¾î º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±«»çµÈ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î »õ·Î¿î °ñÀÌ Ä§ÂøµÈ°ÍÀ̸ç ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ °ñ´Ù°øÁõ ¶§¹®¿¡ ´õ¿í À½¿µÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ¾î º¸ÀÌ ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 2. Áø´ÜÀº ´ë°Ô ¼Õ»ó 6 °³¿ù À̳»¿¡´Â ¹æ»ç¼±»ó ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª °ñÁÖ»ç ( bone scan ), MRI·Î Á¶±â Áø´ÜÀº °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. 6°³¿ù À̳»¿¡ Áø´ÜÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù. µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò °ñÁÖ»ç (Tc99m) ÃÔ¿µÀÌ ¿äÇÔ.
ÈıâºÎºÐÇÔ¸ô(late segmental collapse)Àº 7-27%Á¤µµ

°íÁ¤ »ó½Ç(ͳïÒßÃã÷,loss of fixation)

J. ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ(nonunion) Ä¡·á½Ã

    ³»°íÁ¤¼úÀ» ½ÃÇàÇÒ ¶§ °í·ÁµÇ´Â »çÇ× ¨ç ȯÀÚÀÇ ¿¬·É°ú ¼Õ»óÀüÀÇ È°µ¿»óÅÂ(pt's age & physical status) ¨è ´ëÅð°ñµÎÀÇ »ýÁ¸¿©ºÎ(viability of femoral head) ¨é °ñÀýºÎÀ§ÀÇ °ñÈí¼ö ¼Ò½Ç Á¤µµ(status of femur neck absorption)

    ¢Ñ °ñÀýºÎÀ§¿¡ °ñÈí¼ö ¼Ò°ßÀÌ º¸ÀϽà ÀǽÉÇØ¾ßµÉ °æ¿ì? ¨± °ñÀýºÎÀ§ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ( motion) ¨² ¿°Áõ¹ÝÀÀ ¨³ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç ¨ê ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀÇ ±â°£(duration of nonunion)

K. °í°üÀý °ñÀý ±Ý¼Ó ³» °íÁ¤ Ä¡·áÈÄ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡ (failure after internal fixation of fracture of hip)
    1) °¨¿°(infection) : 1¡­14%, ´ëºÎºÐ 70¡­80´ë¿¡¼­ ¿Â´Ù. a) ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý½Ã - °üÀý±îÁö ħ¹üµÈ °æ¿ì ±Ý¼ÓÆÇ Á¦°Å ½ÃŲÈÄ ºÎ°ñ(sequestra)ÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. ¡Ø b) ÀüÀںγª ÀüÀÚÇϺΠ°ñÀý½Ã - ¹Ý´ë·Î ±Ý¼ÓÆÇÀº ±×´ë·Î À¯Áö½ÃŲÈÄ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô ¹è³ó½ÃŲ´Ù

    2) ±Ý¼Ó¹°ÀÇ °íÁ¤ ½ÇÆÐ(loss of fixation)

    3) ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ (nonunion)

    4) ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç(avascular necrosis) ¡æÁ¤º¹½Ã°£°úÀÇ °ü°è (Massie, 1973)

    ¡Û 12½Ã°£À̳» ¼ö¼ú - 25% A.V.N ¡Û 13¡­24½Ã°£À̳» ¼ö¼ú - 30% A.V.N ¡Û 24¡­48½Ã°£À̳» ¼ö¼ú - 40% A.V.N ¡Û ÀÏÁÖÀÏÈÄ - 100% A.V.N

L. µ¿Ãø ´ëÅð°æºÎ¿Í ´ëÅ𰣺ΰñÀý(ipsilateral femur neck & shaft fracture)

1) ¿øÀÎ : ´ëºÎºÐ ±³Åë»ç°í

2) Áø´ÜÀ» ³õÄ¥¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(occasionally missed diagnosis) . º¸Åë ´ëÅ𰣺Πġ·á ½Ã¿¡ ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýÀÌ 10%°¡ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ü¼ø ´ëÅð°æºÎ¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù ¿¹ÈÄ ´Â ÁÁÀºµ¥ ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ºÐ»êµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. (better prognosis) .

3) ºÐ·ù: °æºÎ´Â Pauwel 3 Çü °ñÀý°ú ´ëÅð°ñÀýÀº 90% °¡ Áß°£ 1/3 ¿¡¼­ °ñÀý ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. µ¿¹Ý¼Õ»óÀ¸·Î ½½°³°ñ °ñÀýÀÌ ¸¹´Ù.

4) Ä¡·á´Â ºÐºÐÇÏ´Ù(controversy in treatment )

    a.:¹®Á¦Á¡Àº Ä¡·áÀÇ ¿ì¼±±Ç(priority)À» ¾îµð¿¡ µÎ´À³Ä ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ëÅð °æºÎ °ñÀýÀ» °£ºÎ°ñÀýº¸´Ùµµ ´õ ¸ÕÀú Ä¡·áÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ´Ù. Àç°ÇÇü ±³ÇÕÁ¤ (reconstructive interlocking nail)À¸·Îµµ Ä¡·áÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸³ª Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ ¼ö¼ú ¼ö ±â°¡ ¿äÇϸç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ³í¹®°ú Àå±âÀûÀÎ °üÂûÀÌ ¿äÇÑ´Ù.

    b :±Ý¼Ó ( implant) ¢Ä´ëÅð°æºÎ´Â -6.5mm ÇØ¸é°ñ ³ª»ç(screw) , ¢Ä ´ëÅ𰣺δÂ- ±Ý¼ÓÆÇ, °ñ ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤À» ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù( plate or intramedullary nail). Rockwood ( 4 th ed. p 1705 ) - ±ä Ȱ°­ ¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»ç (compression hip plate with a long side plate )

5) ÀúÀÚÀÇ Ä¡·á¹ý-----------------------------------------------------------
    °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ÕÀú ´ëÅð°æºÎ´Â 6.5mm ÇØ¸é°ñ ³ª»ç¸øÀ» 3°³ Á¤µµ »çÀÔÇϰí, ´ëÅð °£ºÎ´Â À¯¿¬¼º °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤ÀÎ EnderÁ¤À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¼ö¼ú½Ã°£ÀÇ ´ÜÃàÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ Àç°ÇÇü °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤(reconstruction nail)À¸·Î ¼ö¼ú ÇÒ·Á¸é ±ÙÀ§È¾³ª»ç ¸øÀÌ ´ëÅð°æºÎÀÇ Áß¾Ó¿¡ À§Ä¡µÉ ¶§ ±îÁö ±Ý¼ÓÁ¤À» ±í°Ô »ðÀÔÇϰųª °ßÀÎ ÇÏ¿©¾ßÇÑ´Ù( demands techniques)
M. ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀýÀÇ Áø´ÜÀ» ³õÄ£ °æ¿ì(fracture of the neck of femur, diagnosed late)
    1) ÀþÀºÀÌÀÇ °æ¿ì : °¡´ÉÇÑ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¸¦ »ì¸®±â À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. (salvage procedure by posterior muscle pedicle bone graft or bone graft)

    2) ³ëÀÎÀÇ °æ¿ì : Àΰø°ñµÎ ġȯÀ̳ª ¶Ç´Â Àü°í°üÀý ġȯ¼úÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ´Ù. (in elderly- hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty)

N. ÀþÀºÀÌÀÇ ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý( traumatic femoral neck fractures in young adult )

a. µå¹°´Ù (uncommon), ±×¸®°í °íµµÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö(high energy injury ) ¼Õ»óÀÌ´Ù.

    ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç³ª ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀ̸¹´Ù( high-velocity trauma, a high-angle shear-type fracture to near lesser trochanter, high incidence of aseptic necrosis and nonunion) °íµµÀÇ Àü´Ü¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Õ»óÀ¸·Î 20-40´ë¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ¿À¸ç ³ëÀΰú ¸ðµç¸é¿¡¼­ ´ëÁ¶Àû ÀÌ´Ù. Protzman and Burkhalter ÀÇ 20-40 ´ë ȯÀÚÀÇ Á¶»ç °á°ú 21·Ê Áß¿¡¼­ 62 %nonunion rate ¿Í 90 % aseptic necrosis À»º¸°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Three basic difference between these femoral neck fracture and those in elderly patients
    Ư¡ ¨ç ³ëÀΰú ´Þ¸® µå¹°´Ù(uncommon) ¿¬·ÉÀº 40´ë ÀÌÈÄÀÌ´Ù. ¨è Ä¡·á°á°ú°¡ ³ëÀκ¸´Ùµµ ´õ ºÒ·®ÇÏ´Ù(poor than elderly pt.) ¨é ³ëÀΰú ´Þ¸® °íµµÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼Õ»óÀÌ´Ù(high kinetic energy)
b. Ä¡·á: ¼º°øÀûÀÎ Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇÑ 3 °¡Áö ¿øÄ¢- ( Three criteria for successful treatm ent of femoral neck fractures in young patients according to Bray and Templeman).
    ¨ç °íÁ¤Àº 12½Ã°£ À̳»¿¡ ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù(fixation must be within 12 hrs of injury) ¨è ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é °³¹æÀû Á¤º¹À» ÇØ¼­¶óµµ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹(anatomical reduction)À» ¾ò¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¨é ´Ù¹ß¼º ÇÉ °íÁ¤(multiple screw fixation)ÀÌ ¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»ç(compression hip screw)º¸´Ù °á°ú°¡ ÁÁ´Ù. OTAÀÇ º¸°í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ´Ù¹ß¼º ÇÉ °íÁ¤(multiple screw fixation)Àº 19%¿¡¼­ ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç, 14% ¿¡¼­ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀ̾úÀ¸³ª ¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»ç°íÁ¤(compression hip screw)Àº 33% ¿¡¼­ ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç, 57%¿¡¼­ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀ» º¸°íÇÔ ( ¡ØOTA=Orthopedics Trauma Association)¡¡
c. ÇÕº´Áõ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ, ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»çÀÇ ³ôÀº ºóµµ´Â ½ÉÇÑ ¿Ü»ó(high energy)°ú °ü°è ÀÖ´Ù. ( Rockwood 4th ,p1697)
    Garden stage¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÐ·ù ¿ÏÀü°ñÀýÀ̳ª ÀüÀ§°¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¥°, ¥±ÇüÀº ¾à 99.5%¿¡¼­ À¯ÇÕ(union)À» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª ÀüÀ§°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¥², ¥³ÇüÀº 65%¿¡¼­¸¸ À¯ÇÕÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù. ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç´Â 18°³¿ùºÎÅÍ 3³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ¿À¸ç ȯÀÚÀÇ ¾à 20%¿¡¼­ º¸°íµÈ´Ù.1)
¡Ý Âü°í¹®Çå
    1. Barnes R, Brown JT, Garden RS, Nicoll EA : Subcapital fractures of femur JBJS, 58-B, 2-24, 1976

    2. Drake JK and Meyers MH : Intracapsular pressure and hemarthrosis following femoral neck fracture, Clin Orthop, 182:172-176,1984

III. ¼Ò¾Æ °í°üÀý °ñÀý(á³ä®ÍÆÎ¼ï½Íéï¹, Hip fracture in children)

A. ¼ºÀΰúÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ (differs from adult)

    1) ¡Ø Ư¡ : ¼ºÀΰú ´Þ¸® µå¹°¸ç(¼ºÀÎÀÇ 1% ¹Ì¸¸) °í°üÀý Å»±¸°¡ °ñÀýº¸´Ù ¸¹´Ù.

    1) °ñ´ÜÆÇÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© Á¦ 1Çü °ñ´ÜÆÇ ºÐ¸®¸¦ ½ÃŰ¾î ´ëÅð°ñµÎ°¡ ºñ±¸³»¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇϰųª ¶Ç´Â Å»±¸µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(type 1 transepiphyseal separatrion in which the capital femoralepiphysis may stay within the aceabulum or maybe dislocated).

    2) ´ëÅð°ñµÎÀÇ Ç÷°üÀÌ ½±°Ô ¼Õ»óµÇ¾î ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç°¡ È£¹ßµÇ±â ½±´Ù.(the blood vessel to the femoral head easily damaged , and high incidence of avascular necrosis occur in cervical and transepiphyseal fracture in children than adults )

    3) ¼ºÀåÀÌ Á¤ÁöµÇ¾î ÇÏÁöÀÇ 15%Á¤µµ ´ÜÃàÀÌ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(Growth arrest in epiphyseal plate can cause shortening of up to 15% of the total extremity)

    4) ´ëÅð°æºÎÀÇ ¿ÜÀü ¶Ç´Â ³»ÀüÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù. ´ÜÃàÀÌ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù( varus or valgus angulation of the femoral neck also can occur from arrest of only one side epiphyseal plate). 5) ¼Ò¾Æ´Â ¼ºÀο¡ ºñÇØ ¼®°í°íÁ¤ µî¿¡ Àß °ßµô ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(a child an tolerate immobilization much more choices for treatment are available).

B. ºÐ·ù (by Delbet)
    Á¦ 1Çü : °æ °ñ´ÜÆÇ ºÐ¸®(transepiphyseal separation)- 2 types (1)´ëÅð°ñµÎ°¡ ºñ±¸³»¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì( transepiphyseal fractures without dislocation of the femoral head) (2)´ëÅð°ñµÎ°¡ Å»±¸µÈ °æ¿ì( transepiphyseal fracture with dislocation of femoral head)

    Á¦ 2Çü : °æ °æºÎ°ñÀý(transcervical fracture) (40¡­50%)

    Á¦ 3Çü : °æºÎÀüÀÚ°£ °ñÀý(cervicotrochanteric fracture)

    Á¦ 4Çü : ÀüÀÚ°£ °ñÀý(intertrochanteric fracture)

C. ÇÕº´Áõ

1) ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç(A.V.N) :most common and devastating complications

    °¡Àå ÈçÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ °¡Àå ³ª»Û ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ´Ù. ¹æ»ç¼± º¯È­´Â 1.5°³¿ù(Æò±Õ 9.3°³¿ù) ºÎÅÍ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ºóµµ´Â ¾à 43%ÀÌ¸ç °¨º°Áø´ÜÀ¸·Î(D/D) L.C.P.º´Àº ¨ç vascular insult is milder repetitive & incomplete ¨è repair remodeling process is short and reossification is total ÀÌ´Ù. (¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç ºóµµ : type ¥° 100%, ¥± 52%, ¥² 27%, ¥³ 14%)

    3°¡Áö ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹«Ç÷¼º ±«»ç (The three types of avascular necrosis described by Ratliff. Type I - total head involvement; Type II - segmental involvement; and Type III - involvement from the fracture line to the physis)

2) ³»¹Ý°í(Ò®ÚãÍÆ,coxa vara) : ´ëÅð°£ºÎ¿Í °æºÎÀÇ °¢ÀÌ 120°ÀÌ»óÀ̸é ÀçÇü¼ºµÇ³ª, 100¡­110°ÀÌÇÏÀ̸é ÀçÇü ¼ºÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ°í º¯Çü »óÅ·Π³²´Â´Ù.
    ¿øÀÎ : ¨ç °ñÀýÁ¤º¹ÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ(failure to a hip spica cast) ¨è °í¼ö»ó ¼®°í³»¿¡¼­ °ñÀýÁ¤º¹À¯ÁöÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ (loss of alignment in a hip spica cast) ¨é ´ëÅð°ñµÎ°ñ´ÜÀÇ ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç³ª Á¶±âÀ¯ÇÕ (aseptic necrosis and premature fusion of capital femoral epiphysis.) 3) ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ (nonunion) 4) ¼ºÀåÆÇ Á¶±âÀ¯ÇÕ (premature epiphyseal closure (P.E.C.)) ´ÜÃàÀÌ 2cm ÀÌ»ó½Ã´Â ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç ¶§¹®À̶ó°í ÃßÁ¤ ´ÜÃàÀÌ 2cm ÀÌÇϽô ¼ºÀåÆÇ Á¶±âÀ¯ÇÕ ¶§¹®
D. ¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ °í°üÀý °ñÀýÄ¡·áÀÇ ¿äÁ¡Á¤¸® (In summary, or treatment recommendations are as follows)
    1) Á¦ 1Çü : ¨ç Å»±¸°¡ ¾øÀ»½Ã : µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÈÄ KnowlesÇÉ µîÀ¸·Î °íÁ¤ ¨è Å»±¸°¡ ÀÖÀ»½Ã : µµ¼öÁ¤º¹½ÃÇàÇÏ°í ¸¸ÀÏ µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÀÌ ¾ÈµÇ¸é °³¹æÀû Á¤º¹ÈÄ ±Ý¼ÓÇÉÀ¸·Î ³»°íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

    2) Á¦ 2Çü : ÀüÀ§ÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ ¸ðµÎ µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ ÈÄ ³»°íÁ¤½ÃŲ´Ù

    3) Á¦ 3Çü : ¨ç ÀüÀ§½Ã : µµ¼öÁ¤º¹ÈÄ Knowles ÇÉÀ¸·Î ³»°íÁ¤½ÃŲ´Ù. ¨è ºñÀüÀ§½Ã : ¿ÜÀüÇü °í¼ö»ó ¼®°íÇÑ´Ù.

    4) Á¦ 4Çü : ÇǺΠ¶Ç´Â °ñ°ßÀÎ ÈÄ ¿ÜÀüÇü °í¼ö»ó ¼®°íÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °ñÀýÀÌ Á¤º¹µÇÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ¼®°í³»¿¡¼­ Á¤º¹ÀÇ À¯Áö°¡ ¾ÈµÉ ¶§´Â ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤µµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

E.¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý Ä¡·á°á°úÀÇ ÆÇÁ¤

1) The assessment of results by Ratliff 2)1962

    Good Fair Poor
    Pain none or ignores occasional disabling

    Movement full or terminal greater than 50 % less than 50 % restriction

    Activity normal or avoids normal or avoids restricted games

    Radiograp normal or some severe deformity severe AVN deformity of of femoral neck degenerative arthritis femoral neck Mild AVN arthrodesis

ÀúÀÚÀÇÄ¡·á ¹ý-------------------------------------------------------
    ¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ ´ëÅð°æºÎ´Â ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ´Ü´ÜÇÏ¿© ÇÉ »ðÀÔµµ ½±Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÇÉ»ðÀÔ µ¿¾È¿¡ ´ëÅð°ñ µÎ°¡ ȸÀüÀÌ µÇ´Â ¼ö°¡ ¸¹´Ù. º¸Åë ´Ù¹ß¼º K-°­¼±À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³ª»ç ¸øÀ» »ðÀԽÿ¡´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ´ëÅð°æºÎ »ó¿¬À» Áö³ª¼­ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ -ºñ±¸ °ñ±îÁö K-wire¸¦ ¸ÕÀú »ðÀÔÇÏ°í ³­ µÚ¿¡ ÀÏÂ÷ µå¸±À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Åë·Î¸¦ ¸¸µç µÚ ³ª»ç¸øÀ» »ðÀÔÇÑ´Ù.
Âü°í ¹®Çå
    1. Campbell's Operative orthopedics 8 th Ed. p 1133 ,Mosby year book Co.1992.

    2. Ratliff AHC: Complications after fracture of the femoral neck in children and their treatment, J Bone Joint Surg,52B:175,1970

´ëÅð ÀüÀÚºÎÀ§ °ñÀý ÓÞ ÷Ú ï® í­ Ý»êÈ Íé ï¹ Pertrochanteric Fracture

I. ´ëÅð ÀüÀںΠ°ñÀý (ÓÞ÷Ú ï®í­Ý» Íéï¹, Intertrochanteric fracture )

A. ÇØºÎÇÐ ¹× ÀÏ¹ÝÆ¯Â¡ .

    ´ëÀüÀںο¡¼­ ¼ÒÀüÀںο¡ À̸£´Â °ñÀý·Î½á ´ëÅð°æºÎ ±âÀúºÎ °ñÀý°ú Àß ±¸º° ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ±ÙÀ§ºÎ¿¡ ¿ÜÀü±Ù(short external rotator attached to proximal fragment)ÀÌ ºÎÂøµÇ¾î ÇÏÁö´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ ¿ÜȸÀü ½ÃÄѼ­ °ßÀÎÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.. °üÀý³¶¿ÜÀÇ °ñÀýÀ̸ç ÇØ¸é°ñÀýÀ̾î Ç÷·ù °ø±ÞÀÌ ÁÁ¾Æ ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀº µå¹°´Ù (extracapsular intertrochanteric fractures occur through cancellous bone , which has an excellent blood supply, even if it is lefted untreated fracture usually stabilize within 8 weeks and allow weight bearing within 12 weeks)

    ¢Ä ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °æºÎ-°£ºÎÀÇ °¢µµ´Â 135¡£ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ Æò±Õ 69.9 ¼¼ °¡µÇ¸é 125 ¡£ °¡ µÈ´Ù°íµµ ÇÑ´Ù( neck-shaft angle 125¡£at 69.9 yrs old by Noble )

B. Epidemiology ( æ¹ùÊ )

1. ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý°úÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡

    a. ¹ß»ýºóµµ´Â ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀýº¸´Ù 4¹è ´õ ¸¹°í ÁÖ·Î ³ëÀο¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù(4 times commons, Morris 1941) b. ¹ß»ý¿¬·ÉÀº 10¡­12¼¼ ´õ ³ô´Ù(10¡­12 yrs older than femur neck) (Evans, 1951) c. ¿©ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ´õ ¸¹´Ù. ´ë»ç¼º °ñº¯È­¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÍéÒýÍîñø ¶§¹® (because of metabolic bone change)
2.. º´¿ø »ç¸Á·üÀº 5¡­10%À̸ç, 6¡­12°³¿ùÈÄ´Â 20%·Î Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.
    ´ë°³ 3°³¿ùÈÄ¸é ´ëÅð°æºÎ°ñÀý »ç¸ÁÀ²ÀÇ µÎ¹è Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. ¡Ø¡Ø ÀÌÀ¯1)´Â 1. ÀüÀںΰñÀýÀÇ Æò±Õ ¿¬·ÉÀÌ ³ô´Ù(4 1/2 yrs older). 2. ½ÉÇÑ ¿Ü»ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼Õ»ó (more severe trauma). 3. ÃâÇ÷ÀÌ ´õ Å©´Ù.(blood loss is greater). 4. ¼ö¼úÄ¡·á°¡ ÈξÀ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ´Ù(operative treatment is more extensive).
3.. Æò±Õ ¿¬·É; 66¡­76¼¼ (Mulholland 1972)

C. ¼Õ»ó±âÀü---- ´ëºÎºÐ °æ¹ÌÇÑ ¿Ü»ó ( ³«»ó) ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¿Â´Ù

    ¹Ý½Å¸¶ºñȯÀÚ( fractures more often on the hemiplegic site )´Â ¸¶ºñ°¡ ÀÖ´Â ÂÊ¿¡ ¸¹´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â 1.¿îµ¿±â´ÉÀÇ ÀåÇØ( impaired locomotor function) 2.ºÒ¿ë¼º °ñ´Ù°øÁõ ( disuse osteoporosis) D. µ¿¹Ý ¼Õ»ó( associated fractures) 1. ¿ä°ñ ¿øÀ§ºÎ( distal radius), 2.»ó¿Ï°ñ ±ÙÀ§ºÎ(proximal humerus) 3.´Á°ñ(rib), 4. ôÃß (spine, ¾Ð¹Ú °ñÀý) ÀÌ¸ç °³¹æ¼º °ñÀýÀÎ °æ¿ì´Â µå¹°´Ù.
E. ºÐ·ù

1. Evans ºÐ·ù

1) Á¦ 1Çü Type I : °ñÀý¼±ÀÌ ¼ÒÀüÀںο¡¼­ »ó¿ÜÃøÀ¸·Î ÀÖ´Ù. a. 2ºÐ°ñÀý(two part) : ºÐ¼â°¡ ¾ø´Â °ñÀý b. 3ºÐ°ñÀý : ÀüÀÚ°£ °ñÀý°ú ¼ÒÀüÀںΰñÀý, ³»Ãø°ñÇÇÁú(medial cortex)ÀÇ ºÐ ¼â¿©ºÎ°¡ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀÇ ¿©ºÎÀÇ ±âÁØÀÌ´Ù. c. 4ºÐ°ñÀý : ºÐ¼â°ñÀý (´ëÀüÀÚºÎ, ¼ÒÀüÀںαîÁö °¢°¢ °ñÀýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.)

2) Á¦ 2Çü Type II : ¿ª »ç»ó(reverse oblique Fx) °ñÀý·Î¼­ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀÌ´Ù. ±âÁØÀº ¨ç medial cortex comminution ¨è posterior cortex comminution ¨é Head & Neck osteoporosis

2. Tronzo ºÐ·ù¿Í Ä¡·á Á¤º¹´É·Â¿¡ ±âÁØÀ» µÐ ºÐ·ù (according to reduction potential)

    Á¦ 1Çü : ºÒ¿ÏÀü°ñÀý·Î ÀÏ¹Ý ±Ý¼ÓÁ¤ ±Ý¼ÓÆÇÀ¸·Î ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹°¡´É

    Á¦ 2Çü : ¿ÏÀü°ñÀý·Î ºÐ¼â´Â ¾ø´Ù. Á¦ 1Çü°ú Ä¡·á´Â °°´Ù.

    Á¦ 3Çü : ¿ÏÀü°ñÀýÀ̸ç Èĺ®ÀÌ ºÐ¼âµÈ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ °ñÀý·Î¼­ Ư¡Àº ±ÙÀ§ºÎ(proximal part)°¡ °ñ¼ö°­³»·Î °¨ÀÔµÈ »óÅ·Π´ÜÁö ³»¹Ýº¯Çü¸¸ ±³Á¤ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù.

    Á¦ 4Çü : ÁÖµÈ °ñÆíÀÌ ¼­·Î ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ±ÙÀ§ºÎ°¡ ¿øÀ§ºÎ °ñÆí°ú Á¢ÃËÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î »ó Ű¡ Ä¡·á´Â Àý°ñ¼ú°ú ±ÙÀ§ºÎ¸¦ ¿ÜÃø ÀüÀ§½ÃŰ°í ³»°íÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

    Á¦ 5Çü : °ñÀý¼±ÀÌ ¿ª¹æÇâÀ¸·Î µÈ °ñÀý·Î ¿øÀ§ºÎÀÎ ´ëÅ𰣺ο¡ ÀýÈç(notching)À» ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ±ÙÀ§ºÎ¸¦ Á¢Ã˽ÃŲ´Ù. ±æÀ̰¡ ªÀº ±Ý¼ÓÁ¤ ¹× ±Ý¼ÓÆÇµµ ÁÁ´Ù (short nail plate)

3. Boyd ¿Í Griffin ºÐ·ù <Fig.24-2> 4. AO ºÐ·ù <Fig.24-3>
    AO ºÐ·ù A1 Trochanteric, simple. A1.1 Cervicotrochanteric. A1.2 Pertrochanteric. A1.3 Trochanterodiaphyseal. A2 Pertrochanteric, multifragmentary. A2.1 One intermediate fragment. A2.2 Two intermediate fragments. A2.3 More than two intermediate fragments. A3 Intertrochanteric. A3.1 Reversed, simple. A3.2 Transverse, simple. A3.3 With additional fracture of medial cortex.
F. °ñÀýÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º( stability )

(1) ´ëÅð°ñ ³»ÇÇÁúÀÇ ºÐ¼â¿©ºÎ°¡ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù(medial cortex comminution ¿©ºÎ°¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù).

(2) ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤¼º °ñÀýÀ̶õ?

    a. °ñÀý¼±ÀÌ ¿ª¹æÇâ(reverse oblique) °ñÀý·Î¼­ ³»Àü±Ù(adductor) ±ÙÀ°ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸ ·Î ¿øÀ§ºÎ°¡ ³»ÃøÀ¸·Î ÀüÀ§ b. 3ºÐ(3 part), 4ºÐ(4 part) °ñÀýÀÎ ºÐ¼â°ñÀýÀ̳ª °ñÆíÀÇ ÀüÀ§·Î ¾ç³¡ÀÇ Á¢ ÃËÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ÈµÈ °ñÀý
c. ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ ÀüÀÚ°£ °ñÀýÀÇ 4°³ ÁÖ¿ä ±¸¼º(component)
    ¨ç head & neck ¨è shaft ¨é medial fragment including lesser trochanter ¨ê posterior fragment
(3) ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·áÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀº °ñÀý(°ñ´Ù°øÁõ)ÀÇ Á¤µµ, °ñÆíÀÇ ¼ö, Á¤º¹ÀÇ Á¤µµ, ³»±Ý ¼Ó¹°ÀÇ ÇüÅÂ, ³»±Ý¼ÓÁ¤ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.

G. Ä¡·á :

    Ä¡·áÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¼Õ»óÀÌÀüÀÇ »óÅ·Πȸº¹½Ã۴µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.( restoration of patient to his or her preoperative status) Áï ȯÀÚ°¡ ¼úÀü¿¡ ħ´ë»ýȰÀ̳ª ÀÇÀÚ ¿¡ ¾É¾Æ »ýȰÇß´Ù°í ÇÏ¸é µ¿ÅëÀÇ Á¦°Å°¡ ù°À̸ç, ¾×ƼºêÇÑ È°µ¿À» Çß´Ù¸é ¼ö»óÀÌÀüÀÇ »óÅ·Π¸¸µé¾îÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
(1) º¸Á¸Àû Ä¡·á ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿À·£ ħ»ó»ýȰÀÇ ÇÕº´Áõ ¶§¹®¿¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ÈÇÑ´Ù.
    ´ë»ó : ¨ç Á×À½ÀÌ ÀÓ¹ÚÇÑ È¯ÀÚ(terminal patient). ¨è Áø±¸¼º °ñÀýȯÀÚ(patient with old fracture). ¨é °ñÀý¿¡µµ Àß °ßµ®³»´Â º¸Çà ºÒ´ÉÀÚ(nonambulatory patient who was comfortable with the fracture).-by Friedenberg
(2) ¼ö¼úÀû Ä¡·á Mcneil¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 48½Ã°£ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¼ö¼úÀº mortality rate(»ç¸Á·ü)°¡ 10 ¹èÀÌ»ó Áõ°¡ ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Á¶±â ¼ö¼úÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù(urgent internal fixation is needed ).

Kaufer µî¿¡ ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ñÀýÆíÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º,°ß°í¼ºÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ 5 ÀÎÀÚ¿Í °ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

    1. bone quality 2. fragment geometry, 3. reduction, 4.implant design, and implant placement
°¡) Á¤º¹ (reduction)
    a. Á¤º¹(reduction)Àº °ßÀÎÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ¿© Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ´ëÅð°æºÎ °£ºÎ °¢µµ¸¦ Çü¼º ½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ¾î °ñÀýÆíÀ» Àç Á¤·ÄÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡æÁ¤»ó ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹ÀÌ ÃÖ»óÀ¸·Î ±ÇÀ¯µÈ´Ù.

    b. ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ °ñÀý(unstable fracture)¡æÀüÀںΰñÀýÀÇ 60%°¡ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤°ñÀýÀÌ´Ù.

1. ÇØºÎÇÐÀû °ß°íÇÑ Á¤º¹( anatomical stable reduction) : Laskin & Riska

2. ºñÇØºÎÇÐÀû °ß°íÇÑ ³»°íÁ¤(nonanatomical stable reduction): À̰ÍÀº ºÐ ¼â°ñÀý·Î½á Á¤È®ÇÑ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹ÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ï¶§ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.

    ¨ç ³»Ãø ÀüÀ§ Àý°ñ¼ú(medial displacement osteotomy by Dimon & Hughston)3) - Àý°ñ¼úÈÄ °£ºÎ-°æºÎ°ñÀýÀÇ °¢µµ´Â 160¡­170°°¡ ¹Ù ¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.

    ¨è ¿Ü¹Ý Àý°ñ¼ú(valgus osteotomy by Sarmiento)2) - ´ëÅð°æºÎ-°£ºÎÀÇ °¢µµ´Â 135°ÀÌ´Ù. ?

    ´Ü Á¡ i. Àý°ñ¼úÀÌ ³Ê¹« ȾÇü(transverse)À¸·Î µÇ±â ½±´Ù. ii. °íÁ¤ÈÄ¿¡ ¿ÜȸÀü º¯Çü(external rotation deformity)ÀÌ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹®Á¦Á¡-¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»ç¸øÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °íÁ¤ÇϸéÀº ³»ÃøÀüÀ§ Àý°ñ¼úÀÌ ÇØºÎÇÐ Àû Á¤º¹º¸´Ù ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ¾ø¾î ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ±ÇÀ¯µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

    ¨é ¿Ü¹Ý Á¤º¹¹ý(Wayne County or valgus reduction) °æ¹ÌÇÑ ºÐ¼â°ñÀýÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù. ´ëÅð ³»ÇÇÁúÀ» ´ëÅð°æºÎ¿Í Á÷Á¢ Á¢ÃË(direct contact) ½ÃÄѼ­ ³»¹Ý º¯ÇüÀ» ¸·´Â´Ù. °ñ½Ã¸àÆ® º¸°­¹ý(augment with bone cement) (Harrington, 1975)

ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¼ö¼ú¹æ¹ý:------------------------
    70¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³ëÀΠȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¿Ü¹Ý ³»°íÁ¤¼ú( valgus reduction)Àº ½Ãµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ÀÌÀ¯´Â ³»¹Ý°í¿¡¼­ ³ëÀÎȯÀÚ´Â Á»´õ Æí¾ÈÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù ,°ñ À¯ÇÕÀÇ ÃËÁøÀ» À§ÇØ ¹«¸®ÇÑ ¿Ü¹Ý Á¤º¹À» ½ÃµµÇÏ¸é ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ ½É ÇÑ ´ëÅð°ñÀÇ °ñÀýÀÌ ´õ¸¹ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù, °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¹¸¸ ½ÃµµÇϰí, Ȱ°­¾Ð¹Ú °í³ª»ç °íÁ¤ÀÌ ³¡³­ µÚ ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ÇØ¸é°ñ ³ª»ç¸øÀ» ´ëÅð°ñ °æºÎ ±ÙÀ§¿¡ »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© ȸÀü º¯Çü µîÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °ñ ½Ã¸àÆ® º¸°­ ¹ýÀº Àú ÀÚ´Â °æÇèÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
c. ³»°íÁ¤ ±â±¸ÀÇ ¼±Åà (choice of an implant )
    Four basic types of implant (1) fixed angle nail-plate devices, (2) sliding nail plate devices, (3) intramedullary devices and (4) replacement prosthesis
(1)°íÁ¤°¢ -±Ý¼ÓÆÇ ( Fixed - angle Device) -Holt, Jewett µî À̱ⱸ·Î´Â °ñÀýºÎÀ§ÀÇ collapse ¿Í impactionÀ» À¯µµ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î ±â±¸¸¦ »ç¿ëÀü¿¡ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ Á¤º¹ÀÌ ¿ì¼±µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù(stable reduction) . Jacobs¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé joint penetration ºóµµ °¡ ³ô°Ô º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Ȱ°­ ¾Ð¹Ú ±Ý¼ÓÆÇÀÌ °³¹ß µÈ µÚ·Î »ç¿ëÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.

(2) Ȱ°­ ¾Ð¹Ú °í ³ª»ç ¹× ±Ý¼ÓÆÇ (sliding hip compression screw & plate) ¿À´Ã³¯ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ±â±¸ÀÌ´Ù( Today. most authors prefer)

    ¨Í ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ³»ÀÇ ±Ý¼Ó³ª»çÀÇ À§Ä¡( Nail placement in the femoral head ) Wilson-´ëÅð °ñµÎ³»ÀÇ ³ª»ç¸øÀÇ À§Ä¡´Â ÀǰßÀÌ ºÐºÐÇϳª Á¤Áß¾Ó ÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù center of the head on AP view and lateral view Kaufer-low nail placement on the AP view or posteroinferior nail placement on the lateral X-ray. maximum purchase¸¦ À§Çؼ­ ´Â subchondral bone ÀÇ 2 cm À̳»±îÁö ³»°íÁ¤±â±¸ °¡ À§Ä¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±ÙÀ§³ª Àü¹æ(superior & anterior)¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ¸é °üÀý°­³»·Î Æ¢ ¾î ³ª¿Ã À§ÇèÀÌ ¸¹´Ù.

    ¨ç 135°side plate ¡ægolden standard : ÇöÀç¿¡ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëµÊ. ¨è 150°side plate¸¦ Àß ¾È¾²´Â ÀÌÀ¯ 2°¡Áö¥¡. °ñµÎÀÇ ¾àÇÑ ºÎÀ§ÀÎ Àü»óÃø¿¡ (anterosuperior) ³ª»ç¸øÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÏ °Ô µÇ°í ¥¢. ³ª»ç¸øÀÇ »ðÀÔºÎÀ§°¡ ưưÇÑ ÇÇÁú°ñ¿¡ À§Ä¡µÇ¾î, ÇÇÁú°ñÀÇ ÆÄ±«¿Í »ðÀÔ °¢µµ µîÀÌ Æ²·ÁÁö´Â ½Ç¼ö°¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ±â ½±±â¶§¹®À̸ç, Å« ÀÕÁ¡ ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ¾î Áø´Ù.(by Mulholland & Gunn)

Spivak µî7))¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»çÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ 4°¡Áö ÇüŸ¦ º¸°íÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
    Four modes of the failure of the sliding screw in hip fracture fixation : (1)cutting out of the compression screw from the femoral head, (2) pulling off of the side plate from the femoral shaft,(3)disengagement of the sliding compression hip screw from the barrel, and , rarely,(4) failure the hip screw - ÀúÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé all screw failure ´Â original fractureÀÇ nonunion À̰ųª sliding screw »ðÀÔºÎÀ§ÀÇ 2Â÷°ñÀý·Î º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±Ý ¼ÓÆÄ¼ÕÀÌ ÀßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºÎÀ§·Î screw- barrel junction À» º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.
(3) °ñ¼ö°­³»-°íÁ¤¼ú ( Intramedullary device ) ; 3 °¡Áö ÇüÅÂÀÇ °ñ ¼ö°­ ³» °íÁ¤ ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù

¨ÍÀ¯¿¬¼º °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤- 1970 ³â Ender ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ multiple flexible condylocephalic nail ÀÌ´Ù ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦Á¡À¸·Î ±Ù·¡¿¡ µé¾î¼­ »ç¿ëÀÌ ÁÙ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¾ÈÁ¤¼º °ñÀý¿¡¸¸ ±Ç À¯µÈ´Ù.

    ´ÜÁ¡(1981 Chapman reported complications)5)
    i) °ñ¼ö°­³»¿¡¼­ ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ºüÁú¼ö ÀÖ´Ù(nail backing out -knee irritation). ii) ´ëÅð°ñµÎ³»·Î Æ¢¾î³ª¿Â´Ù (perforation through head). iii) °ñÀýºÎÀ§ÀÇ È¸Àü º¯ÇüÀÌ ¿Â´Ù (rotational deformity at Fx. site). (Raugstad - 70 % of patients had rotational deformity after fixation with Ender nail)
¨Î ´Üµ¶ °ñ¼ö°­ Á¤ (single nail by Kuntscher and Harris )
    Foster ¿Í Sherk ÀÇÇϸé 51 %¿¡¼­ °ß°íÇÑ ³»°íÁ¤À» ¾òÁö ¸øÇϰí deformity °¡ ¹ß»ýµÆ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª compression sliding plate ´Â ÀÌ·¯ ÇÑ °íÁ¤ÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ°¡ ¾ø¾î¼­ sliding compression hip screw À» ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´ ´Ù.
¨Ï °¨¸¶ °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤(Gamma nail by Halder, 1990)
    Davis µî¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀåÁ¡À¸·Î closed method insertion , ( without no periosteal stripping)À» ÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°í, load-sparing ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó load-sharing device ¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù

    . ¡Ø i) Halder ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ȯÀÚÀÇ Ã¼ÁßÀÌ ¾Ð¹Ú°í³ª»çº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´ëÅð°Å (calcar)ÂÊÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞµÇ¾î¼­ ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÈξÀ °­Çϸç, ¼ö¼ú½Ã°£ÀÌ Âª°í (35 ºÐ), ÃâÇ÷ÀÌ Àû´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ii) Leung Àº dynamic hip screw ¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© À§¿Í °°Àº ÀåÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ À¸³ª mortality(at 6months)´Â Â÷À̰¡ ¾ø°í ,intraoperative complication ÀÌ ´õ³ô´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.. ii) Bridle ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×·¯³ª ´ëÅ𰣺Π°ñÀýÀÌ ¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»ç(1%)¿¡ ºñÇØ¼­ ÈξÀ ³ô´Ù(11%)°í ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ´ÜÁösubtrochanteric extension ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ÀüÀںΠ°ñÀý À̳ª ¿ª»ç»ó °ñÀý (reverse obliquity)¿¡¼­¸¸ ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Radford ´Â femoral shaft fractureÀÇ ºóµµ°¡ ³ô¾Æ¼­ pertrochanteri c fracture ¿¡¼­ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÃßõÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

(4) °í°üÀý ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼ú(prosthetic replacement)
    ³ëÀÎÁß, °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ ½ÉÇÑ »ç¶÷, ºÐ¼â°ñÀý¿¡¼­ ±ÇÀ¯µÈ´Ù.(±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤¼ú º¸´Ù Á¶±â¿¡ Ȱµ¿ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϳª, ¼ö¼úÀû ±â¼úÀÌ ¿äÇÑ´Ù.)

    i) Stern & Goldstein(1977) : Leinbach ±â±¸¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¼­ ¼º°øÀû ÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇÔ,

    ÀûÀÀÁõÀº 1. ±Ý¼Ó³»°íÁ¤ÀÌ ½ÇÆÐÇ߰ųª, 2. ³ëÀÎÀÇ °ñ´Ù°øÁõÀÌ ½ÉÇϰųª, 3. ºÐ¼â°ñÀýÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÆÀ» ¶§.

    ii) Green : ¾ç±Ø °í°üÀý ¹Ýġȯ¼ú(Bipolar prosthesis) Head-Neck length¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù°í º¸°íÇÔ.

    iii) Haentjens,4) 1989 ;75¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºÐ¼â°ñÀý ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù. primary Bipolar prosthesis of unstable intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients more than 75 years of age

ÀúÀÚÀǹæ¹ý--------------
    70 ¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºÐ¼â°ñÀý ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¾ç±Ø¼º ´ëÅð°ñµÎ ġȯ¼úÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ȯÀÚ´Â lateral position ÇÏ¿©¼­ ÈĹ浵´Þ¹ýÀ¸·Î Àý°³ ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¸¦ Á¦°Å ÇÏ°í ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¿¡ ºÙ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ëÅð°Å¸¦ ¹Ì¸® Àß¶ó¼­ ½Ã¸àÆ® »ðÀԽà ½ºÅÛÀÇ ³»Ãø¿¡ ÁöÁö´ë ( buttress )·Î ÁغñÇÑ´Ù. ´ëÅð½ºÅÛ(true stem )À» ¹Ì¸® »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© neck ±æÀ̰¡ À¯Áö µÇ´Â ¹ü À§(´ëü·Î tip of greater trochanter °¡ ´ëÅð°ñµÎ¸¦ Áö³ª°¨) ±îÁö ¸¸ ´ëÅð½ºÅÛÀ» »ðÀÔ(½ºÅÛ¿¡ chisel·Î Ç¥½Ã)ÇÏ°í ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ½Ã¸àÆ®·Î ÃæÁøÇÑ µÚ ½Ã¸àÆ®°¡ ±»±â Àü¿¡ ´ëÅð°Å¸¦ ´ëüÇÒ °ñÆí ´ëÅð°æºÎ¸¦ ¸¸ µé¸é¼­ »ðÀÔ½ÃŰÈÄ ½Ã¸àÆ®¿Í ÇÔ²² ±»Èù´Ù. ³»ÃøÀ¸·Î ÀüÀ§µÈ ¼ÒÀüÀںΠ¸¦ ã¾Æ¼­ towel clipÀ¸·Î Àâ°í ȯ»ó°­¼± °íÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î tight ½ÃŲÈÄ ´ëÀüÀںθ¦ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿øÀ§ºÎ·Î ´ç±â¸é¼­ 8 ÀÚ °­¼± °íÁ¤À» ÇÑ´Ù.³ëÀÎÀº ±ÙÀ°ÀÇ ÈûÀÌ ¾àÇÏ¿© ¼ö¼úÈÄ ½±°Ô Å»±¸ °¡ µÇ¹Ç·Î °¡´ÉÇÑ ´ëÀüÀںθ¦ ¿øÀ§·Î Àá¾Æ ´ç°Ü °íÁ¤½ÃÄѼ­ abductor ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ ±äÀå µÇ°Ô ¸¸µî¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °ñµÎ¸¦ ºñ±¸ reamer·Î °¥¾Æ¼­ °ñÀýºÎÀ§ ¿¡ °ñÀ̽ĿëÀ¸·Î ÃæÁø ½ÃŲ´Ù.
G. ÇÕº´Áõ

1) »ç¸ÁÀ²(mortality): ù 1³âÀ̳»¿¡ 10¡­30%·Î ±²ÀåÈ÷ ³ô´Ù. (Kyle), ´ëÅð°æºÎ °ñÀýº¸´Ù´Â ÈξÀ ³ô´Ù dePalma ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼ö»ó´ç½ÃÀÇ È¯ÀÚÀÇ ¿¬·É°ú ³»°úÀû ¹®Á¦¶§¹®À̶ó°í Çϸç Ä¡·á¹æ¹ý°ú´Â ¿¬°üÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù(related most closely to the patient's age and medical condition at the time of injury.)

2) â»ó°¨¿°(wound infection) : 1.7¡­16.9%·Î½á ³ô´Ù.

3) ¾Ð¹Ú ±Ë¾ç( pressure sores ) 20 % ( Agarwal ) , È£¹ßºÎÀ§ - heel ,sacrum, buttocks,

4) ±â°èÀû ¹× ±â¼úÀû ½ÇÆÐ(mechanical and technical failure)

    1) ³»¹Ýº¯Çü(varus deformity) : ¼ö¼úÈÄ¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ¿À´Â ÇÕº´ÁõÀ¸·Î ȯÀÚÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ Àç¼ö ¼ú ¶Ç´Â ±×´ë·Î ÀÎÁ¤ (accept)ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù( a. accept the varus deformity, b. attempt to correct deformity with skeletal traction c. reoperation.

    2) ±Ý¼ÓÀÇ µ¹Ãâ(nail penetration) : °ñÀ¯ÇÕÀÌ µÉ ¶§±îÁö ±â´Ù¸®µµ·Ï ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ÇÐÀÚµµ ÀÖ´Ù. (Taylor)

    3) ȸÀüº¯Çü(rotational deformity) : ƯÈ÷ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤°ñÀý¿¡¼­( well known problem after internal fixation)

    4) ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ(nonunion) : 1¡­2%·Î ³·´Ù, ÇØ¸é°ñ·Î½á Ç÷¾×°ø±ÞÀÌ ÁÁÀ¸¹Ç·Î

      treatment opti ons for nonunion 1. repeat attempts at open reduction and internal fix ation, 2. endoprosthetic replacement 3. total hip replacement
5) ¹«Ç÷¼º±«»ç(aseptic necrosis) : 0.8% (Kyle) , 1-5 ³â ¿¡ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

6) ´ëÅð°æºÎ½ºÆ®·¹½º°ñÀý(stress fractures of femur neck) :

    °ñµÎ±îÁö »ðÀÔÀÌ ¾ÈµÈ, ±Ý¼Ó ³¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹ß»ý H ´ëÅðÀüÀںΠ°ñÀýÈÄ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡ by Cedor 1980 Table. Motility assessment by Ceder 10) score motility o confined bed 1 wheel chair or require support by anothe individual 2 walking frame 3 Rollater 4 Quadraped 5 walking stick 6 requiring no support
II. ÀüÀÚÇϺΠ°ñÀý(ï®í­ù»Ý» Íéï¹, subtrochanteric fracture)

A. ÇØºÎÇÐ

¼ÒÀüÀÚ »ó¿¬À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿øÀ§ºÎ 8cm±îÁö ¶Ç´Â ¼ÒÀüÀÚ ±âÀúºÎ¿¡¼­ ´ëÅð°ñ ±ÙÀ§ºÎÀÇ Çù ºÎ (isthmus)±îÁöÀÌ´Ù.

B. ºÐ·ù (by Seinsheimer)

1) Á¦ 1Çü : ºñÀüÀ§ °ñÀý(nondisplaced) (°ñÆíÀÌ 2mm ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ÀüÀ§)

2) Á¦ 2Çü : ÀüÀ§°ñÀý, ºÐ¼â°¡ ¾ø´Â 2ºÐÀý °ñÀý·Î¼­ Ⱦ ¶Ç´Â »ç»ó°ñÀýÀÌ´Ù.

    2parts fracture II-a: transverse , II-b: spiral configuration with lesser trochanterattached to proximal fragment
3) Á¦ 3Çü : 3ºÐÀý °ñÀý( three part fractures) III-a; 3-part spiral configuration with lesser trochanter a part of third fragment III-b: 3-part spiral configuation with the third part a butterfly fragment

4) Á¦ 4Çü : 4ºÐÀý °ñÀý(comminuted with four or more fragments).

5) Á¦ 5Çü : ´ëÀüÀںαîÁö ºÐ¼â°¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀüÀÚÇϺΠ°ñÀý(subtrochantericc-intertrocha nteric configuration)

C. ¼Õ»ó±âÀü:( áß߿Ѧï®, injury mechanism )

    1. ÁÖ·Î ÀþÀº Ãþ¿¡¼­ È£¹ßÇÏ¸ç °í°üÀý°ñÀý Áß ºóµµ´Â ³·´Ù. ³ëÀÎȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â °æ¹ÌÇÑ ³«»ó(fall) : ÀþÀº ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­´Â ±³Åë»ç°í µî °í¿¡³ÊÁö(high energy) ¼Õ»óÀÌ ÁÖ¿äÀÎ ÀÌ´Ù.

    2. °ñÀýµÈ ±ÙÀ§ºÎ´Â ±¼°î ¹× ¿ÜȸÀü(Àå¿ä±Ù), ¿ÜÀü(ÁߵбÙ)µÇ°í, ¿øÀ§ºÎ´Â ´ÜÃà ¹× ³»ÀüµÇ¾î °ñÀýºÎÀ§°¡ Àß ÀüÀ§µÈ´Ù.

¢Ñ*3. ºÒÀ¯ÇÕÀÌ Àß ¿À´Â 2°¡Áö ¿äÀÎ( 2 factors for nonunion )
    ¨ç °ñÀýºÎÀ§´Â ÇÇÁú°ñ(cortex)·Î µÇ¾î¼­ À¯ÇÕÀÌ ¾î·Æ°í, ³»ÇÇÁúÀÇ ºÐ¼â°¡ ¿Ã½Ã´Â ³»Ãø ÁöÁö´ë »ó½ÇÀÌ µÈ´Ù(loss of medial buttress). ¨è ÇÏÁßÀÌ ±ÙÀ§ºÎ °ñ³»Ãø¿¡ ÆíÇùµÇ¾î ½ºÆ®·¹½º°¡ ÁýÁß(forces 1200 lb/ in)µÇ´Â ºÎÀ§´Ù( increased moment armÀ¸·Î stableÇÑ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ¾ø´Ù).
D. Ä¡·á
    ´ëºÎºÐ ºÐ¼â°ñÀýÀÌ¸ç ½ºÆ®·¹½º°¡ ÁýÁߵǴ °÷À¸·Î ³»±Ý¼Ó¹°ÀÇ ÆÄ¼ÕÀÌ Àß ¿À´Â °÷ÀÌ ¹Ç·Î °ß°íÇÑ ³»°íÁ¤ÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù
1. AO °â»ó ±Ý¼ÓÆÇ : [AO blade plate],
    ±×¿Ü prebend plate, anatomic plate (Rowe, Pana plate(Biomet)] Waddell - ½ÇÆÐÀ² (failure rate ) 20 % Kinast 1989- ºñÁ÷Á¢ Á¤º¹ °ú ³»°íÁ¤(indirect reduction & IF ) ÀÌ Á÷Á¢ Á¤º¹(diredt reduction)º¸´Ù °á°ú°¡ ÁÁ¾Ò´Ù°í º¸°íÇÔ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¿¬ºÎÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ ¼Õ»óÀ» Àû°Ô ÁÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù( avoid periosteal stripping )°íÇÔ Æ¯È÷ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Áúȯ(preexisting deformity) ÀÌ ´ëÅð±ÙÀ§ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖÀ»¶§¿Í ÀÌ¹Ì ³»±Ý¼Ó °íÁ¤ÀÌ µÈ °æ¿ì(as in hip arthrodesis or arthroplasty)´Â ±Ý¼ÓÆÇ °ú ³ª»ç°íÁ¤ ÀÌ ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
2. Ȱ°­ ¾Ð¹Ú°í ³ª»ç :(sliding compression hip screw)- popular method
    ±ÙÀ§ °ñÆíÀÇ È¸ÀüÀ» ¸·±âÀ§ÇØ ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª»ç¸øÀ» ±ÙÀ§ºÎ °ñÆí¿¡ ´õ »ðÀÔ ÇÒ ÇÊ ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù<Fig. 24-16-1> Mullaji & Thomas- 91 % union rate Ruff and Lubbers - 95 % union rate.
3. °ñ¼ö°­³» ±Ý¼ÓÁ¤ :( interlocking nail, or Ender nail, Gamma nail)
    ÀûÀÀÁõ------- 1. ÀþÀºÈ¯ÀÚÀÇ ÇùºÎÀÇ È¾ ¶Ç´Â »ç»ó °ñÀý( young patients with a low transverse of short oblique fracture of isthmus area of femur) 2. Winter ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼ÒÀüÀںΠ2 cm ±îÁöÀÇ ¼Õ»ó¾ø´Â ÇÇÁú°ñÀÌ Á¸Àç½Ã( there is an intact ring of cortical bone on the proximal fragment 2 cm below the lesser trochanter). ¹æ¹ý-------- a) °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤ °ú º¸Á¶ÀûÀÎ °ñÀÌ½Ä ¹× ȯ»ó °­¼±°íÁ¤ ( locking of fragment s has made supplemental internal fixation of the fragments such as cerclage or lag screw fixation). ¶ÇÇÑ Chapman ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ intramedullary bone grafting ¹æ¹ý ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç

    first generation IM nailingÀÇ ´ÜÁ¡ÀÎ proximal locking À» °³¼±ÇÑ Russell Taylor reconstruction nail À̳ª Synthes ÀÇ unreamed nail for femur ¿Í head and neck ¿¡´Â spiral blade À» »ðÀÔ 2¼¼´ë ±³ÇÕÁ¤( second generation nail) ÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Howmedica »ç¿¡¼­´Â long gamma nail À» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.?

    ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ gamma nail Àº ¹Ì±¹ ¿¡¼­´Â femoral shaft fracture ¶§¹®¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÌ ÁÙ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

b) 2 ¼¼´ë ±³ÇÕÁ¤ ( Second generation nails ) ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡8)
    ´ëÅð Àü¿°°¢ ¿¡ À¯ÀÇÇÏ¿© »ðÀÔÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.(the nail must be inserted in such a way as to accomodate the anteversion of the neck inorder to make locking within the neck and head possible)

    ÀüÀÚºÎÀ§ °ñÀýÀÎ °æ¿ì ±³ÇÕÁ¤À» »ðÀԽÿ¡ ±ÙÀ§ºÎ¿¡¼­ °ñ ³»·Î »ðÀÔÀÌ ¾î·Æ´Ù(if there is fracture through intertrochanteric area, the nail may fall out of the proximal fragment during insertion.)

    Smith µî¿¡ ÀÇÇϸéRussell-Taylor nail·Î - À¯ÇձⰣÀº 10. 5 ÁÖÀ̸ç, Áö¿¬À¯ÇÕÀ̳ª ºÒ À¯ÇÕ, ±Ý¼Ó ÆÄ±«°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

4. º¸Á¶Àû °ñÀ̽Ä;(supplementary bone graft) : ³»ÇÇÁú°ñÀÇ ºÐ¼â°¡ ½ÉÇҽÿ¡ ³»ÇÇÁúÁöÁö´ë(medial cortical buttress)¸¦ ȸº¹½ÃŲ ´Ù.

5. ¼Ò¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â(in children fracture) ±ÙÀ§ºÎÀÇ ÀüÀ§µÈ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¿øÀ§ºÎ¸¦ À̵¿½ÃÄÑ ¸ÂÃß´Â °í°üÀý ½½°üÀýÀÌ 90°-90°À§Ä¡ °ßÀÎÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ùtraction can be applied with a femoral or tibial pin. This technique is excellent for wound care in open fractures.

F.ÇÕº´Áõ-

    • 1.ºÒÀ¯ÇÕ,
    • 2.ºÒ·®À¯ÇÕ,
    • 3.³»±Ý¼Ó¹°ÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ(implant failure)
GÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ºÐ·ù : ±³ÇÕÁ¤(interlocking nail) »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ Russell-Taylor ºÐ·ù
    ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ»ó±Ù ¿Í(piriformis fossa) ±îÁö °ñÀýÀÌ µÇÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­

    ¡Û Type 1 ÇüÀº Á¤Àû ±³ÇÕ¼º °ñ¼ö°­ ³»°íÁ¤À»

    ¡Û Type II ´Â ¼ÒÀüÀںΰ¡ °ñÀýÀÌ µÈ °æ¿ì·Î À̶§´Â ¾Ð¹Ú °í³ª»ç³ª, IIB´Â °ñÀ̽ÄÀ» ±ÇÀ¯ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

    Russel-Taylor classification of subrochantric fracture of femur based on involvement of piriformis fossa. Group I fractures do not extend into piriformis fossa.

    Group II fractures extend proximally into greater trochanter and involve piriformis fossa in Type I : fractures, closed medullary nailing has the advantage of minimizing vascular compromise of the fracture fragments. In Type II fractures the extension into the piriformis fossa complicates closed nailing techniques.

H. º´Àû °ñÀý( Pathologic fracture) 9)
    ÀüÀÌ ¾Ï (metastatic tumor) ÀÎ °æ¿ì-

    °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤ÀÌ ÀûÀÀÀÌ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¶õ

      °è¼ÓµÇ´Â µ¿Åë(progressive pain)

      Á÷°æÀÌ 2.5cm ÀÌ»óÀÎ ÇÇÁú°ñ º´º¯( cortical lesion 2.5 cm in diameter

      °£ºÎÀÇ 1/2 ÀÌ»óÀ» ħ¹üÇÑ °ñÀý( lesion involving at least half the diameter of femur )

    ±Ý±âÁõÀÎ °æ¿ì´Â
      Æò±Õ ¿©¸íÀÌ 1 ³â À̳»ÀÏ ¶§ ¼ö¼úÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ ÀÇ Àü½ÅÀûÀÎ Áúȯ µ¿Åë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½ÉÇÑ Á¤½Å Àå¾ÖÀÚ

      ºñ±¸¿¡µµ º´º¯ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.

    Àý¹Ú°ñÀýÀÎ °æ¿ìµµ °ñ¼ö°­³» °íÁ¤¼úÀÌ ÀûÀÀÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ( impending fractures definition)-
      Á÷°æÀÌ 3 cm ÀÌ»óÀÎ º´º¯ ÇÇÁú°ñ 50 %ÀÌ»óÀ» ħ¹üÇÑ °ñÀ¶ ÇØ ¼Ò°ß ¼ÒÀüÀÚºÎÀÇ °ß¿­ °ñÀýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì ¹æ»ç¼± ¼Ò°ß¿¡ °ü°è ¾øÀÌ ÆÄ ±«µÈ ºÎÀ§ÀÇ °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ µ¿Åë-ÀÌ °æ¿ì¿¡ Àç°ÇÇü ( Russell-Taylor reconstruct ion nail) ±³ÇÕÁ¤ÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀÌ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù
¡Ý Âü°í ¹®Çå
    1. Russell RB: Fractures of Hip and Pelvis , in Campbell's Operative Orthopedics, 8th ed. p 896

    2. Sarmiento A and Williams EM: The unstable intertrochanteric fracture of the femur., Clin Orthop 92:77,1973

    3. Dimon JH III and Hughston JC: Unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the hip, JBJS 49-A: 440, 1967

    4. Haentjens P, Castelyeyn PP and DeBoeck H : Treatment of unstable intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures in elderly patients, JBJS, 71-A: 1214,1989.

    5. Chapman MW et al : The use of Ender's pins in extracapsular fractures of the hip JBJS 63-A:14 1981

    6. Bentley G and Greer RB : Rob & Smith's Orthopedics, 4th ed, UK, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd,. p388, 1993

    7. Spivak JM and Christiansen F : Laceration of the superficial femoral artery by an intertrochanteric fracture fragment. J bone Joint Surg., 69A:781-783,1987

    8. Schatzker J : Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur. The rationale operative fracture care 2nd ed. Springer ,p 354-355,1996

    9. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adult 4th ed. 1754, Lippincott-Laven Co. 1996

    10.Ceder L, Indeberg L and Odberg E: Differentiated care of hip fracture in elderly. Acta Orthop Scand, 51: 157-162,1980